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EOSC 114 > Fragile Systems I > Flashcards

Fragile Systems I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disaster?

A

An event causing either physical damage, injury/loss of life, and/or a drastic change to the environment.

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2
Q

Would an event that only caused infrastructure damage count as a disaster?

A

Yes - it caused physical damage.

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3
Q

Where is iron most abundant in the Earth?

A

Core.

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4
Q

Which elements are the second and third most common elements in the earth core: Nickel, Magnesium, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Copper, and Aluminium?

A

Nickel (2nd most) and Oxygen (3rd most)

Iron is the most abundant element

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5
Q

Which elements are not the 3 most abundant in the Earth’s crust: Oxygen, Nickel, Aluminium, Silicon, Titanium and Lead?

A

Lead, Titanium and Nickel are not the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust.

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6
Q

Order these elements from most to least abundant in the earth’s crust: Oxygen, Aluminium, Silicon.

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium

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7
Q

The ocean has low amounts of chlorine. True or False?

A

False.

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8
Q

What are the 3 most abundant elements in the ocean in order (most to least)?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Chlorine

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9
Q

What are the 3 most abundant elements in the atmosphere in order (most to least)?

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon

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10
Q

Which element is not present in the atmosphere in high amounts and which are: Xenon, Helium, Neon.

A

None of them are present in high amounts in the atmosphere.

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11
Q

What is pico?

A

trillionth (10^-12)

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12
Q

Is micro larger or nano?

A

Micro. Micro is 10^-6 and nano is 10^-9.

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13
Q

How much bigger is giga than mega?

A

Giga is 10^9. Mega is 10^6. Giga is 10^3 times bigger.

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14
Q

Is tera larger than giga?

A

Yes. Tera is 10^12 and giga is 10^9.

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15
Q

How much is centi?

A

10^-2

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16
Q

How many meters is 3 x 10^-2 Mm?

A

30 000m

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17
Q

What is density and its formula and units?

A

How much matter is in a space. Mass/volume, kg/m^3.

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18
Q

How is the earth stratified and how is this related to density?

A

atmosphere, ocean, crust, mantle, outer core, inner core. The densest (inner core) is at the center and the least dense (the atmosphere) rests at the top.

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19
Q

Would the earth be layered if everything was the same density?

A

No.

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20
Q

Disasters have nothing to do with stratification of the earth. True or False. If false, explain.

A

False. Each disaster occurs within one or more layer, and so has to do with the stratification of the earth.

21
Q

What is compressibility?

A

able to be squeezed or expanded so that the mass fills less or more space.

22
Q

Density and compressibility are two separate physical concepts. True or False and explain.

A

False. Compression –> change in volume –> in a change in density.

23
Q

Is gas a fluid?

A

Yes.

24
Q

Solids are not fluid and compressible. True or False.

A

False. Solids are not fluid and are not compressible.

25
Q

Liquids are compressible and fluids. True or False.

A

False. Liquids are fluids, but they are not very compressible.

26
Q

Are gases fluid and compressible?

A

Yes.

27
Q

What kind of molecule is the crystal Pyrite made of?

A

FeS2

28
Q

Diamonds are due to the octahedral alignment of carbon.

A

Yes.

29
Q

Crystals can be formed regardless of structure of molecules. True or False.

A

False. Crystals form whenm molecules align in a lattice.

30
Q

If you add flour to milk, would the batter be more or less viscous than before?

A

More viscous - thicker, slower flow.

31
Q

What element ranks within the top 2 within the Earth’s surface, ocean and atmosphere?

A

Oxygen.

32
Q

Although log scales are more commonly used, would linear scales also be suitable for some natural disasters?

A

No. Usually, there is a wide range of magnitudes for natural disasters. So, cannot use a linear scale (it won’t incorporate the whole range of disasteers).

33
Q

Does energy remain in one form throughout the disaster?

A

No. Usually during a disaster, energy transfers from on etype to another. E.g. kinetic energy of an asteeroid is converted to heat when it strikes the earth.

34
Q

Are tsunamis an example of concentration of energy?

A

No. They’re an example of dilution of energy, where it takese longer to release the energy than it doese to build.

35
Q

If an object is rolled up a hill, will it have more potential energy when it reaches the top compared to the object being lifted straight up onto that same hill?

A

No. height (distance) is the same, so potential energy is the same.

36
Q

When you leave the shower, why do you feel cold?

A

When you live, water from your skin uses heat from the skin to evaporate into vapour.

37
Q

During melting, is sensible heat stored or is sensible heat released?

A

Melting = breaking bonds –> requires energy = sensible heat is stored as latent heat.

38
Q

On an atomic level, Kinetic energy and sensible heat are different concepts. True or False.

A

False. Sensible heat is due to particle motion, where cold is slow motion and hot is high motion.

39
Q

If you push a fridge with 50 N of force, but it doesn’t move, what is the work done?

A

0 J.
W = F x d.
d = 0, so W = 0.

40
Q

is the work done to move a 10kg ball 2 m the same on the Earth and Moon? Why or why not?

A 
Different. Less work done on the moon: 
W = F x d. 
F = m x g. 
W = m x g x d 
m and d are the same, but gravitational acceleration is lower on the moon, so less work is done.
41
Q

There were 20 events in 100 years. Would the RP be diffeerent for the following 2 situations:

(a) The 20 events occurred evenly spaced over the 100 years.
(b) There were 11 clustered events, a long gap, and then 9 clustered events.

A

Same RP = 100/20 = 5.

42
Q

If there are 8 earthquakes, 4 M3.0 earthquakes and 2 M3.4 earthquakes, in 8 years, what is the RP?

A

Trick: 2 different RPs.
RP for M3.0 = 8 / 4 = 2
RP for M3.4 = 8 / 2 = 4
RP only for same magnitude events.

43
Q

The risk of you getting attacked by a shark is the same if you were swimming or standing on the beach.

A

False. Risk is higher in the water, because you are more vulnerable (i.e. more likely to be badly harmed)

44
Q

Why is the risk of natural disasters increasing:

(a) increasing hazard
(b) increasing vulnerability

A

because of population growth = more people and more infrastructure = greater vulnerability. Not because of increase in hazard.

45
Q

Due to technology, we are likely to be less vulnerable to natural disasters in the future.

A

No, because more people = more infrastructure –> greater vulnerability.

46
Q

Humans are good at judging risk.

A

No.

47
Q

larger magnitude disasters usually occur at a ______ frequency than weaker magnitude disasters.

A

lower.

48
Q

Is the associated hazard of a natural disaster dependent on the number of people who live there? Why or why not?

A

No. Hazard is something that has the potential to cause human or economic harm, regardless of whether or not it will harm people/economy when it occurs. Vulnerability to a disaster is linked with number of people and infrastructure (economic harm).

49
Q

If a natural disaster will only destroy infrastructure, is it still hazardous?

A

Yes. Hazard = anything with the potential to cause human or economic harm.

EOSC 114 (2 decks)

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