Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathologic fracture?

A
  • fractures that result from mild physical exertion or minor trauma (e.g. coughing/sneezing, lifting)
  • occur due to abnormal / weakened bone structure due to underlying pathology e.g. osteoporosis

*these fractures would not normally occur - in a healthy bone

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2
Q

What are the complications of open fractures?

A
  • infection
  • poor wound healing
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3
Q

Two types of basic management of bone #

A

A. Conservative (splint, cast)

B. Surgery (anatomic reduction -> fixation -> immobilisation)

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4
Q

Complications of surgery for the #

A
  • acute nerve
  • vascular injury
  • compartment syndrome
  • avascular necrosis
  • nonunion
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5
Q

The common type of long bone #

A
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6
Q

Complete vs incomplete fracture

What do they mean?

A

Complete: # that extends through the entire length of bone

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7
Q

What does comminuted fracture mean?

A

More than two fracture lines - results in multiple bone fragments

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8
Q

Types of fracture displacement

A
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9
Q

What’s segmental #?

A

Two fracture lines with a fragment of a bone between a distal and proximal portion of the bone

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10
Q

What’s a Salter-Harris fracture?

A

A paediatric fracture with a growth plate involvement

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11
Q

What’s a stress fracture?

A

A # caused by repetitive stress to the bone without an underlying bone pathology/ disease affecting it

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12
Q

What happens to the radius and ulna in Colle’s fracture?

A

distal radius +/- ulna

*due to fall on ‘outstretched’ hands

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13
Q

What’s Smith’s #?

A

Fracture of distal radius (anterior displacement)

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14
Q

Possible clinical presentation of the fractures

A
  • Pain, redness, and swelling at the site of injury
  • Deformity and axis deviation
  • Bone fragments penetrating the skin
  • Palpable step-off or gap
  • Bone crepitus
  • Concomitant soft tissue injuries
  • Neurovascular compromise below site of injury
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15
Q

Features of:

Montaeggia vs Galeazzi fractures

A
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16
Q

What bone is typically located in ‘boxer #’? (punching a hard surface)

A

5th metacarpal neck

17
Q

Scaphoid fracture

  • what bone is involved
  • typical Hx
  • examination features
A
  • the most common # of a carpal bone
  • typical Hx: fall on outstretched hands
  • examination features: pain when a pressure applied to anatomical ‘snuffbox’
18
Q

What to assess for in a presentation of fracture?

A

Clinical assessment

19
Q

What are 6 P’s in the assessment of a neurovascular compromise/compartment syndrome in a fracture?

A

6 P’s:

  • pain
  • pallor
  • pulselessness
  • paresthesia
  • paralysis
  • poikilothermia

(poikilothermia - impaired ability to regulate body temperature - cool limb)

20
Q

General management of the #

A

General approach

21
Q

Indications for a surgical management of the fracture

A
  • open fracture
  • inadequate manual reduction or fixation
  • unstable fracture
  • severe displacements and fragments
22
Q

Outline the surgical procedure for the fractures (steps)

A

Procedure:

  1. anatomic reduction of the fracture
  2. fixation
  3. immobilization using external or internal fixation devices (e.g., plates, screws, wires
23
Q

What’s Garden’s classification used for?

A

Categorisation of intracapsular neck of femur fractures

24
Q

Types of hip fractures

A

A. Intracapsular

B. Extracapsular

25
Q

Treatment of intracapsular hip fracture

A

*intracapsular - danger of avascular necrosis and non- union

Treatment:

  • internal fixation
  • hip arhtoplasty
26
Q

Treatment of extracapsular hip fracture

A

Hip screw + rehab

27
Q

What # is that?

A. Palmar angulation of distal bone fragments

B. Dorsal angulation of distal bone fragments

A

A. Palmar -> Colle’s

B. Dorsal -> Smith’s