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orthopedics > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete loss of contact between the articular surfaces of a joint

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2
Q

Subluxation

A

Incomplete dislocation resulting in a non concentric joint surface

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3
Q

Reduction

A

To return a fraction or dislocation to anatomic alignment

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4
Q

Nonunion

A

Failure of bony edges to unite

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5
Q

Malunion

A

Healing of the bony fragments in a faulty position (get imperfect alignment, deformity, or rotation)

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6
Q

Stages of fracture healing

A
  1. Inflammation (days) - Hematoma, inflammatory cell proliferation
  2. Repair (weeks) - Soft callus, hard callus
  3. Remodelling (years) - Lamellar bone continues to remodel by Wolff’s law
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7
Q

Fracture complications - Early local

A
  1. Infection
  2. Compartment syndrome
  3. Neurologic injury
  4. Vascular injury
  5. Implant failure
  6. Fracture blisters
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8
Q

Fracture complications - Late local

A
  1. Malunion
  2. Nonunion
  3. Avascular necrosis
  4. Osteomyelitis
  5. Post-traumatic arthritis
  6. Heterotropic ossification
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9
Q

Fracture complications - Systemic

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. DVT/PE
  3. Fat embolism
  4. ARDS
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10
Q

Traumatic fractures

A

Normal bone + Abnormal force

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11
Q

Stress fracture

A

Normal bone + Repetitive force

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12
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Abnormal bone + Normal force

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13
Q

Describing fractures

A
  1. Location
  2. Fracture pattern
  3. Open vs closed
  4. Intra or extraarticular
  5. Displacement - apposition, angulation, rotation
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14
Q

Describing fractures - 6 A’s

A
  1. Anatomy - Bone? Where on the bone? Morphology?
  2. Articular - Intra vs extra
  3. Apposition - %
  4. Alignment - Varus, values
  5. Angulation, rotation
  6. Apex
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15
Q

Heterotropic ossification

A

Formation of bone in abnormal locations (e.g. muscle) secondary to pathology

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16
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

Ischemia to bone due to disrupted blood supply - common in bones covered by cartilage or with distal to proximal blood supply

17
Q

Fracture blister

A

Formation of vesicles or bullae that occur on edematous skin overlying a fractured bone

18
Q

X-rays, rule of 2’s

A

2 views - AP and lateral
2 joints - above and below
2 times - before and after reduction
(2 sides)

19
Q

Principles of fracture treatment

A
  1. Obtain reduction - closed, open
  2. Maintain reduction - external, internal stabilization
  3. Early mobilization
  4. Pain management
20
Q

External stabilization

A
  • Splint
  • Cast
  • Traction
  • External fixator
21
Q

Internal stabilization

A
  • Percutaneous pinning
  • Extramedullary fixation (screws, plates, wires)
  • Intramedullary fixation (rods)
22
Q

Complications of casting

A
  1. Compartment syndrome
  2. Skin/soft tissue injury
  3. Pressure sores
  4. Chafing, pruritus
  5. Swelling
  6. Muscle atrophy

orthopedics (2 decks)

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