Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 326 Musculoskeletal > Fractures > Flashcards

Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Fracture: Definition

A

any break in the continuity of bone that occurs when more stress is placed on the bone that it is able to absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fracture: Causes (3)

A
  1. traumatic: fall
  2. fatigue: repeated, prolonged stress
  3. pathologic: weakened bone, possibly spontaneous (HIGHEST risk in elderly)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Closed vs. Open Fracture

A

Closed (simple): does NOT break through the skin

Open (compound): fractured bone PENETRATES skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fracture Orientations: (9)

A

*transverse
*spiral
*comminuted
*impacted
*greenstick
*stress
longitudinal
oblique
avulsion fracture of the patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

usually straight line, 90 degree angle to the length of the bone
most commonly in traumatic falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

twisting injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

more than 1 fracture line, and more than 2 bone fragments
like a compression fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

jumping from heights
usually less severe than comminuted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

incomplete break where the bone bends
most common type of break in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stress Fracture

A

from repeated use of fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fractures: CM: The P.E.D.

A

at site of bone disruption:
-Pain
-Edema
-Deformity
-loss of function
-abnormal mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three Phases of Bone Healing

A
  1. inflammatory
  2. reparative
  3. remodeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The inflammatory phase consists of what step?

A
  1. hematoma sets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The reparative phase consists of what steps?

A
  1. fibrous cartilage
  2. callous
  3. ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The remodeling phase consists of what step?

A
  1. remodeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fractures: Complications (5)

A

delayed healing
bone growth impairment
compartment syndrome
fat embolism syndrome
osteomyelitis

17
Q

Fractures: Delayed Healing

A
  1. delayed union: bone pain and tenderness increase
  2. malunion: improper alignment
  3. nonunion: no healing 4-6 months post-fracture
18
Q

Fractures: Delayed Healing: Risk Factors (9)

A

-tobacco use
-older age
-severe anemia
-uncontrolled diabetes
-low Vitamin D levels
-people with hypothyroid
-poor nutrition
-infection
-people w/ complicated breaks

19
Q

Fractures: Nonunion: Causes and Risk Factors

A

Causes: poor blood supply, repetitive stress

Particularly in people with diabetes and infection in the area

20
Q

Fractures: Impaired Bone Growth

A

*pediatric consideration
fracture through epiphyseal plate
can DELAY future bone growth

21
Q

Fractures: Compartment Syndrome

A

results from increased pressure w/in limited anatomic space
-seen with:
-crush injuries
-cast: put on too tight or
if swelling begins or
bleeding occurs
-“tourniquet” effect
-edema at fracture site
puts intense pressure
on soft tissue
-can lead to tissue
hypoxia of muscles and
nerves

22
Q

Fractures: Compartment Syndrome: Manifestations

A

edema
loss or weakened pulses
PAIN

23
Q

Fractures: Fat Embolism Syndrome

A

fat molecules in the lung following:
-long bone fracture
-major trauma

fat molecules come from bone marrow or traumatized tissue–> released into blood stream–> lungs

24
Q

Fractures: Fat Embolism Syndrome: Manifestations

A

hypoxemia
altered LOC
petechial rash

25
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

an acute or chronic pyogenic (pus producing) infection of the bone
-“osteo”: bone
-“myelo”: marrow cavity

26
Q

Osteomyelitis: Cause and Risk Factors

A

usual cause: bacteria (S. aureus)
Risk Factors:
-recent trauma
-diabetes
-hemodialysis
-IV drug use
-splenectomy

27
Q

Routes of Contamination: Types (2)

A

direct vs. indirect

28
Q

Direct Contamination

A

open wound:
-open fracture
-gunshot
-puncture (stabbing)
-surgery (sternotomy)
surgery/insertion of meta plates or screws

29
Q

Indirect Contamination

A

from bloodstream (MOST common)
bacteremia

30
Q

Contamination from Bloodstream: Patho

A

arterial blood flow brings bacteria into bone–> infection results in inflammation, bone destruction, and pus and edema–> pressure increases–> ischemia/necrosis–> osteoblasts lay new bone around old bone–> infection is isolated

31
Q

Contamination from Bloodstream: Common Areas (4)

A

femur (27%)
tibia (22%)
hands and feet (13%)
humerus (12%)

32
Q

Osteomyelitis: Pathogenesis

A

-pressure increases w/in the bone
-causes local arteries to collapse
-decreases or eliminates
supply of:
-oxygen
-nutrition
-immune cells
-ANTIBIOTICS
-leads to impaired healing
-difficult to treat

33
Q

Osteomyelitis: CM (9)

A

Local:
-tenderness, warmth,
redness
-wound drainage
-restricted movement
-spontaneous fracture
Systemic:
-fever
-positive blood culture
-leukocytosis

34
Q

Osteomyelitis: Pharmacotherapy

A

-obtain culture
-empiric antibiotic therapy
-Nafcillin
-Cefazolin
-Vancomycin
-sometimes
continuous infusions,
other times direct
therapy such as
infusing antibiotics
through a wound vac
-bacteria-specific therapy

NUR 326 Musculoskeletal (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions