Fracture

Question 1

what is a fracture

Answer 1

Any discontinuity in a bone

Question 2

what are the four general categories of fractures

Answer 2

fracture by sidden impact
stress or fatigue
insufficiency fracture
pathologic fracture

Question 3

what age range is most affected by traumatic fracture ?

Answer 3

5-14 yrs

Question 4

what kind o fractures are most commonly found in a traumatic fracture?

Answer 4

transverse, oblique ,and spiral fx

Question 5

stress or fatigue fx definition

Answer 5

partial or complete break caused by repeated stress

Question 6

where does a stress fx most often occur

Answer 6

LE and tibial shaft and metatarsal bones

Question 7

what kind of stress fx are women more likely to suffer from

Answer 7

pelvic and sacral

Question 8

women are generally more prone to stress injuries because of what reason?

Answer 8

wide pelvis
coxa vara
genu valgum

Question 9

definition for compressive fracture and distractive fracture

Answer 9

Occur due to forceful heel strike during prolonged marching or running
Occur bc of muscle pull and can become more serious if displacement occurs

Question 10

why do insufficiency fx occurs/

Answer 10

if a normal stress is applied on an abnormal
ie. dec mineralization, deficeient elastic resiatnance

Question 11

what are some risk for insufficiency fx

Answer 11

effects of radiation
postmenopausal osteoporosis
corticosteroids

Question 12

pathologic fx occur when ?

Answer 12

rendered abnormally fragile by neoplastic or other disease conditions

Question 13

true or false
insufficiency fx can be thought of as a subset of pathological fx

Answer 13

True

Question 14

transverse fx

Answer 14

fx line is a t a right angle to the long axis of the bone; usually produced by shearing force

Question 15

oblique or spiral

Answer 15

occur due to a twisting or torsional, usually does not completely separate bc of the wide surface area

Question 16

butterfly

Answer 16

separation of a wedge-shaped piece of bone

Question 17

Examples of incomplete fx

Answer 17

greenstick fx
torus or buckle fx
crack or hairline fx

Question 18

displaced open fx are more likely to be ________
stable or unstable?

Answer 18

unstable

Question 19

epiphyseal fx

Answer 19

occur in the growth centers of children and adolescents
occur more often in the long bones

Question 20

what can occur if you have an epiphyseal fx ?

Answer 20

growth can be arrested or altered and immediate intervention is req

Question 21

what is the most common osteoporosis-related fragility fx

Answer 21

vertebral compression fx

Question 22

when is bone mass at its peak

Answer 22

30 yrs

Question 23

what gender loses bone mass sooner and why

Answer 23

women, due to perimenonpause

Question 24

when and why are men likely to experience bone loss?

Answer 24

60s, hypogonadism

Question 25

what are risk factors for fx

Answer 25

low physical function advanced age dec bone mineral density alcohol or substance abuse

Question 26

stages of fx healing

Answer 26

hematoma formation cellular proliferation callous formation ossification consolidation and remodeling

Question 27

when is granulation and acute inflammatory rxn and granulation tissue is formed ?

Answer 27

day 1-2

Question 28

when does callus formation occur ?

Answer 28

week 1-3

Question 29

remodeling of the medullary canal occurs during what time frame

Answer 29

medullary canal and organized lamellar bone

Question 30

when does the external callus form?

Answer 30

week 6

Question 31

factors that can hinder proper fracture healing

Answer 31

inadequate blood supply poor general nutritional status corticosteroid therapy presence of foreign bodies/infection or necrotic tissue

Question 32

clinical manifestation of fx

Answer 32

pain and tenderness edema and ecchymosis loss of mobility and function of the involved body part inc dependence on family and friends dec in the individual's ability to perform ADLs depression and anxiety

Question 33

are VCFS typically painful or painless?

Answer 33

painless

Question 34

when VCFS are painful what can reproduce it ?

Answer 34

pressure over the vertebrae or certain positions

Question 34

what are VCFS associated with

Answer 34

height loss and respiratory function

Question 35

what are some fx complications

Answer 35

deformity malunion delayed union nonunion ( fibrosis union or a false union AKA pseudoarthrosis)

Question 36

which bone type is at risk for a fat embolism and why ?

Answer 36

long bones and bony pelvis bc it contains the most bone marrow

Question 37

typically where does a fat embolism travel to

Answer 37

the lung and can block the pulmonary vessels and dec diffusion of the alveoli

Question 37

T or F a fat embolism is never fatal

Answer 37

false, it could be potentially fatal

Question 38

fx are often diagnosed by what ?

Answer 38

visual inspection and confirmed by rdiographs

Question 39

what is the goal for treatment of fx

Answer 39

to promote hemodynamics stability comfort early mobility to limit complications

Question 40

vertebroplasty

Answer 40

direct injection of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement into the fractured vertebrae

Question 41

kyphoplasty

Answer 41

insertion of a balloon to expand vertebra followed by bone cement to stabilize the vertebral body

Question 42

why does fractured bone need to be immobilized ?

Answer 42

bc if its not it could delay the healing

Question 43

if you keep older patients immobilized what are some complications that can occur

Answer 43

pulmonary complications, pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis, UTI

Question 44

autogenous bone grafting is often taken from what

Answer 44

illiac crest or fibula

Question 45

bone grafting is used for what ?

Answer 45

to enhance bone repair and formation

Question 46

fx heal in children heal in how long ?

Answer 46

4-6 wks

Question 46

fx healing in adolescents how long ?

Answer 46

6-8 wks

Question 47

fx healing in adults take how long ?

Answer 47

10-18 wks

Question 48

less than ________ of older adults with hip fx will regain their prior level of function

Answer 48

50%

Question 49

what are some negative predictors for healing

Answer 49

renal or vascular insufficiency smoking alcoholism diabetes mellitus