fr the final Flashcards
What are the different paradigms we use to view health?
→ Structural-Functionalist
→ Conflict
→ Symbolic Interactionist
→ Feminist
→ Sociology of the body
→ Indigenous
Structural Functionalist Paradigm
It sees society as a harmonious social system made up of interconnected parts that work to maintain order and stability.
It investigates how large-scale social structures and institutions work together to have an influence on human behaviour.
Ex: Educational institution
They study human behaviour by using an empirical approach (using experience or observation rather than logic) to discover the impact social structure has on behaviour.
It understands health + illness as social roles and they view these social roles as being attached to the institution of health care.
It emphasizes that good health and effective health care are essential for a society’s ability to function.
What is the Sick Role?
Right?
Duties
The expectations of others /society regarding how one should behave when sick.
People learn from culture on how to behave in response to health and illness.
RIGHTS
- You’re allowed to not take responsibility for your illness
- You are temporarily exempt from regular role responsibilities
DUTIES
- You have a duty to try and get well and resume responsibilities
- You need to seek competent help and cooperate in the process of doing well
Conflict Paradigm
Capitalist society is composed of a bunch of competing interest groups in a constant power struggle with one another and composed of inequality.
It understands health + illness as professional constructs
Their attention is on the political economy of health and social inequalities in the distribution of an illness and access to health care services
Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm
Focuses a lot on the interaction of individuals who produce the construct of society.
It views society as a socially constructed product of everyday interactions b/w individuals
It understands health and illness as interpersonal meanings.
Feminist Paradigm
It understands health and illness as gendered experiences.
Emphasizes the presence of oppression in health care.O’Brien + other sociologists believe that Western social scientific thinking has been dominated by androcentric thinking
(The dominance + privileging of the masculine perspective when studying the social sciences + focused on men)
This paradigm focuses on the oppression of women over time
In HSCI, this paradigm recognizes the gender roles in society and how it contributes to gender inequality and how it shapes the lives and health of both genders
Life Course Perspective Paradigm
Looks at early childhood, adulthood and elderly
Understands health + illness from the life course perspective
It sees society as a intersection of individual biographies and historical events
Sociology of the Body Paradigm
This paradigm believes that embodiment is a vital part in our experience w/ society
Their focus is on how society and social relations shape and are shaped by human bodies
Applications of epidemiology
Identifying the cause of a new syndrome
Assessing risks of exposure
Determining whether treatment “x” is effective
Identifying Health Service Use Needs + Trends
Identifying Practical Prevention Strategies
What is the biomedical model?
focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. It is considered to be the leading modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries.
What are the Different Ways to View Health?
It is a social construct and we all have ideas on what this construct is based on our experiences, our culture, our social, our political and historical context.
What happened from 1867 to early 1900’s ?
no income or social services programs established at federal/provincial levels
there was no federal involvement
British North America Act fed marine hospitals + quarantine
the province is responsible for health/ there’s a provincial responsibility
What happened from the 1920’s to 1930’s?
first federal Department of Health created in 1919
increasing recognition of problem of vulnerability
beginning of growth of hospitals
What happened from 1947 to 1961?
Sask initiated first hospital insurance plan in 1947, other provinces followed
Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act in 1957 insures hospital care
all provinces w/ hospital had insurance systems by 1961
What happened in 1962?
Sask established medical insurance plan for physicians’ services
What happened in 1966 to 1972?
Medical Care Act 1966
this was implemented in 1968
federal government to share the costs 50-50 w/ the provinces for all medical services provided by a doctor outside of hospitals
What happened in 1977?
Established Programs Financing Act
cost sharing was replaced by block funding
funding was cash payments and taxing policies based on population size and GNP
there was federal funding for extended health care: nursing + long-term care
there was now extra billing for physicians
there was also user fees
What happened in 1984?
Canada Health Act- principles + criteria for provinces to receive federal support
there are prohibitions of extra billing and user fees added to existing components
What are the 5 principles of Canada Health Act?
C: COMPREHENSIVENESS- all medically necessary services provided by hospitals, doctors and dentists working in the hospital should be covered
U: UNIVERSALITY- certain groups should not have an advantage to priority access to providers - just because you have more money/power should not make you get better treatment and prioritized - uniform delivery and conditions
the plans that are existing in each province must entitle all insured persons to health insurance coverage on uniform terms and conditions
P: PORTABILITY- you are covered while traveling within Canada or if you go to the US - if there is an emergency in Alberta and you’re from BC, you’re charged the same rate as in BC
the system must cover persons when they move to another province or territory or when they travel
P: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- the provincial government is accountable to us, the people
operated on a non-profitable basis by a public authority that is accountable to the provincial/territorial government
A:** ACCESSIBILITY**- must have reasonable access without financial barriers
the system must have reasonable access to medically necessary hospitals + physician services w/o financial or other barriers
What are the key features of the Canadian Health Care System?
- Health care delivery is the responsibility of the PROVINCES
- Privately delivered and publicly financed
- Private providers and public not-for-profit hospitals (hospitals have budgets)
- Fee-for-service funding and global budgets
- Choice of practitioner
- Universal coverage applies to less than ½ of total health care expenditures ( we spend a lot of our own money on our healthcare needs)
What was the spending trend from 1975-2016?
over time, there was a steady growth up
about 11% of GDP (gross domestic product)
What is Canada’s health spending like in 2023? (from 1975-2023)
about $334 billion was spent on healthcare in 2023
there has been a steady increase
What did the total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP in Canada from 1975-2016 say?
it went up around 11%
we’re at 12.9%
How is the spending distributed in health care?
25.6% on hospitals
13.8% on physicians
13.9% on drugs
What is the health spending like on seniors ?
for age 65+ in years 2011 to 2021…
> the share of spending went from 14.4% to 18.5% - it’s steady
> the share of the population went from 44.9% to 43.2%
aging has an impact but not the only driving factor
How much of BC’s budget gets spent on healthcare?
43%
- it is increasing
- percentage that gets spent on education decreases
What provinces spend less than average ($5167) on healthcare?
BC ($4872)
ONTARIO ($4883)
PEI ($4988)
NB ($4350)
NS ($5064)
How much is BC spending on per person for healthcare in 2023?
$9182
4.6% per person growth
Which country spends relatively more on their healthcare than any other country?
America
almost 20% of the GDP is spent on healthcare in the US
America is the highest spender
Canada spends b/w 10% to 15% of the GDP
Canada is one of the top senders (#4)
