FQ 2 Flashcards
ATSI
What is the nature and extent of health inequities?
-Increased morality rate
-Decreased life expectancy
-Increased youth suicide
-Increased kidney disease
-Increased chronic disease
ATSI
Sociocultural determinants: (Family, peers, media, religion, culture)
-Increased domestic violence
-Disempowerment (e.g. racism)
-Decreased income affects family life
-47% single parent home
-Ongoing effect of colonisation, such as social dislocation, loss of culture, identity and self-worth
(33% of ATSI are from the stolen generation)
-Lower living standards
-Higher imprisonment rate
-Lack of culturally appropriate health care
ATSI
Socioeconomic determinants: (Employment, Education, Income)
-Less than 2/3 working age population employed
-Low income/disposable income
-Decreased rates of education completion
lower education can be linked to poor health choices (e.g. smoking, drinking, eating inadequately
ATSI
Environmental determinants: (Geographical location, access to health services and technology)
-24% live in rural and remote areas leading to decrease medical service
-Isolation leads to lack of access
-Longer waiting times due to decreased services
-Lack of health literacy due to low levels of education
ATSI
Role of individuals in addressing health inequities:
-Empowerment
-Increase protective behaviors
-Incentives for health professionals to work with ATSI
-Increased educational opportunities, such as indigenous scholarships
ATSI
Role of communities in addressing health inequities:
-Involvement in design and implementation of health initiatives
-Aboriginal medical services (e.g. ACCHS)
-Ensuring participation of ATSI representative groups in addressing health inequities
ATSI
Role of governments in addressing health inequities:
-Close the gap initiatives
-Indigenous chronic disease package
-Increase expenditure on education and health programs
Rural & Remote Areas
What is the nature and extent of health inequities?
Health Status
-higher rates of mortality and morbidity
More likely to:
-smoking and drinking
-overweight and obese
-physically inactive
-lower education levels
-poorer access to medical services
-risky occupations
-high risk roads/travel distance
-increase rate mental illness
-self harm/suicide
R&R
Sociocultural determinants: (Family, peers, media, religion, culture)
-cultural forces (poorer attitudes of men towards health care)
-greater ATSI population
-family behaviors (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption)
-lower activity rates and family history of obesity
-social isolation
R&R
Socioeconomic determinants: (Employment, Education, Income)
-Decreased access to education and employment
-limited access to goods and services
-exposure to heavy labour employment (e.g. mines and farms)
-Decline in public infrastructure (e.g. school and hospitals)
-high rate of unemployment /financial stability
R&R
Environmental determinants: (Geographical location, access to health services and technology)
-decreased access to health professionals and health facilities/screening
-increased need for transport
-decreased health education and literacy rates
-increase environmental disaster/work hazard
R&R
Role of individuals in addressing health inequities:
-participation in community support groups, especially in times of trouble
-access support networks and health information made available through internet access
R&R
Role of communities in addressing health inequities:
-royal flying doctor service
-strategies focused on rural and remote health inequities by NGOs such as Beyond Blue
-community support groups such as Men’s shed
R&R
Role of governments in addressing health inequities:
-patient assisted travel scheme, to assist limited access
-health promotion campaigns (e.g. road safety ads)
-RTA Aboriginal Action Plan
-government commitment to improving health care
-incentive to encourage GPs to work in rural regions
Identify The Nature of Cancer
A group of diseases leading to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal body cells. Leads to tumors which interrupt the normal functioning of the body, and which can also spread to other parts of the body.
- Skin, breast and lung cancers are of most concern to health authorities
Define Tumor
A swelling or enlargement caused by a clump of abnormal cells. There are two types:
1. Benign tumors generally grow slowly, surrounded by a capsule that tends to control spread.
2. Melignant tumors are cancerous. They can spread to other parts of the body starve surrounding tissue of necessary nutrients and invade health tissues.
Define Metastases
Secondary or new tumors, which may develop some distance from the original malignant tumor.
Define Neoplasm
An abnormal mass of cells that forces its way among healthy cells and interfere with their normal functioning.
Identify the extent of Cancer
-leading cause of death in Australia
-Mortality rates have been decreasing over the past two decades
-Morbidity rates are generally increasing. This is due to our ageing population and better detection, a result of improved technology and education.
-The most commonly occurring cancer is non-melanoma skin cancer (which is mostly non-life threatening).
-The most common life-threatening cancers include:
–>Men: Lung, prostate, colorectal
–>Women: lung, breast colorectal
-Males suffer more except in the 25-54 years age group, where female cancers (cervix, breast and ovaries etc.) occur at three times the rate.
Cancer
Non-modifiable risk factors
-Gender: specific cancers
-Age: leads to increased risk
-Family history
-Genetic makeup e.g. being fair skinned
Cancer
Modifiable Risk Factors
-Exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing agents), such as smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun
-Lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, alcohol misuse and poor dietary habits.
Cancer
Protective Factors
-Avoid Carcinogens (e.g. Slip, Slop, Slap)
-Personal screening habits (e.g. breast and testicular)
-Public screening (e.g. breast mammograms and prostate blood test)
-Seeking early medical intervention
Cancer
Sociocultural determinants
-Smoking among young females
-Tanning habits, such as excessive sun exposure
Cancer
Socioeconomic determinants
-Unemployed: higher rates of smoking
-Low levels of education (e.g. awareness of warning signs and personal testing)
