FP1 Flashcards

0
Q

Discriminant (b²-4ac) < 0

A

There are no real roots

Two imaginary roots

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1
Q

i

A

i = √-1

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2
Q

Complex Numbers

Definition

A

Sums of real and imaginary numbers

Written in the form a + bi or x + iy where x and y are real numbers

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3
Q

Complex Conjugate Pairs

A
z = a + bi
z* = a - bi
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4
Q

Imaginary Roots of Quadratic Equations

A

(x-α)(x-β) = 0

x² - (α+β)x + αβ = 0

If the roots α and β of a quadratic equation are complex they will always form a complex conjugate pair

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5
Q

Argand Diagrams

A

X axis - real

Y axis - imaginary

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6
Q

Argument

A

arg z = θ = tan(y/x) usually
Angle measured from right to left from the x axis
-π<θ≤π

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7
Q

Modulus

A

|z| = r = √(x²+y²)

The modulus of any non zero complex number is positive

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8
Q

Modulus-Argument Form

A

z = r (cosθ + i sinθ)

Where r = modulus and θ = argument

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9
Q

Cubic Equations

Roots

A
  • 3 real roots

- 1 real root and one complex conjugate pair

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10
Q

Quadratic Equations

Roots

A
  • Two real roots
  • Two identical roots
  • one complex conjugate pair
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11
Q

Quarter Equations

Roots

A
  • 4 real roots
  • one complex conjugate pair and 2 real roots
  • two complex conjugate pairs
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12
Q

f(x) = 0

A

If there is an interval [a,b] in which f(x) changes sign

Then [a.b] must contain a root of f(x)=0

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13
Q

Interval Bisection

A

Table

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14
Q

Linear Interpolation

A

Line

Similar Triangles

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15
Q

The Newton-Raphson Process

A

xn+1 = xn - f(xn)/f’(xn)

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16
Q

Parametric Equations

Definition

A

x and y coordinates are expressed in the for of an independent variable, a parameter

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17
Q

Cartesian Equation

Definition

A

An equation containing both x and y, this can be found by eliminating the parameter from the parametric equations

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18
Q

Parabola

Definition

A

The loch of point which are equidistant from a fixed point, the focus, and a fixed line, the directrix.

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19
Q

Parabola

Parametric Equations

A
x = at²
y = 2at
20
Q

Parabola

Cartesian Equation

21
Q

Rectangular Hyperbola

A

A hyperbola, two smooth curves the mirror image of each other, with rectangular / perpendicular asymptotes

22
Q

Rectangular Hyperbola

Parametric Equations

A
x = ct
y = c/t
23
Q

Rectangular Hyperbola

Cartesian Equation

24
Identity Matrix
I = (1 0) | (0 1)
25
Matrices | Rows and Columns
Rows x Columns | Dimension x Order
26
Adding Matrices
A + B = B + A Add the corresponding elements of each matrix
27
Subtracting Matrices
A - B = -B + A Subtract the corresponding elements of each matrix
28
Multiplying Matrices
AB ≠ BA ABC = (AB)C = A(BC) Dimensions: (n x m) x (m x k) = (n x k)
29
Representing Transformations as Matrices
(a b) (c d) Most linear transformations can be represented y a 2x2 matrix
30
Unit Vectors
i = (1) (0) j = (0) (1)
31
Enlargement
``` (k 0) (0 k) Enlargement Scale factor k Centre (0,0) ```
32
Rotation
Anti-clockwise (cosθ -sinθ) (sinθ cosθ) Clockwise (cosθ sinθ) (-sinθ cosθ) Centre (0,0)
33
Reflection | In x=0
(-1 0) | 0 1
34
Reflection | In y=0
(1 0) | 0 -1
35
Reflection | In y=x
(0 1) | 1 0
36
Reflection | In y=-x
(0 -1) | -1 0
37
Matrices To The Power -1
A = (a b) Then A^-1 = 1/(ad-bc) (d -b) (c d) (-c a) A(A^-1) = (A^-1)A = Identity Matrix
38
Determinant
Det (A) = ad -nc
39
Singular Matrix
``` If det(A) = 0 then A is singular This means that A^-1 does not exist ```
40
Non Singular Matrix
If Det(A) ≠ 0 then A is a non singular matrix and A^-1 does exist
41
Matrices | Area Scale Factor
Area of Image = Area of Object x det(M)
42
Matrix Products and Transformations
Matrix Product ABC means: - first do the transformation represented by C - second do the transformation represented by B - third do the transformation represented by A
43
∑ r^0 r=1 to n
n
44
∑ r for r = 1 to n
n/2 (n+1)
45
∑ r² for r = 1 to n
n/6 (n+1) (2n+1)
46
∑ r³ for r = 1 to n
n²/4 (n+1)²
47
Proof By Mathematical Induction
1. Basis - prove that the general statement is true for n=1 2. Assumption - assume that the general statement is true for n=k 3. Inductive - show that the general statement is true for n=k+1 4. Conclusion - the general statement is true for all positive integers