Fourth Test Flashcards
Taking measure against offending states are unilateral measures known as what?
self-help or counter measures
What are the three kinds of counter measures?
- reprisal
- reciprocal
- retorsion
Retorsion is an act of what?
Retaliation to an unfriendly act
Countermeasures against an offending state may be taken by the aggrieved states through joint action called what?
Collective Sanctions
How many types of reparations are there?
3
What are the three types of reparations?
- restitution
- indemnity
- satisfaction
In I.L., private persons may also initiate what?
claims against a state against a state for violations
True or false: unless there is international agreement, a state has no obligation to admit nationals of another state
true
If an alien is injured by a private person, his remedy is against who?
that person
A state is responsible for injury to the person or property of an alien only if the offensive act is what?
attributable to the state
What occurs where individuals act in parallel ways to official institutions and the government does not discourage them?
De Facto Agents
Economic interests of alien investors may be harmed by non-commercial risks such as what?
political and social upheavals
Just compensation requires what?
- payment for full market value
- in convertible currency
A US national seeking legal redress in US courts for injury due to foreign state may be faced with a claim of what?
Sovereign Immunity
What concept means you may not sue an independent political entity unless the sovereign waives the immunity?
Sovereign Immunity
Many cases of sovereign immunity end up in what?
international arbitration
Which section of the UN charter directs all members to settle their disputes by peaceful means?
Article 2, paragraph 3
The US is party to how many bilateral and multilateral treaties?
more than 70
The main method of settling disputes or prevent one from occurring is what?
negotiation
Disputes may also be resolved by what?
the good offices approach
Another approach to dispute settlement is what?
arbitration
Arbitration leads to a what?
binding settlement based on law
The arbitration panel is made up of judges who are usually appointed by who?
the parties
In recent years, the most active arbitration tribunal has been what?
the Iran-US tribunal
Where is the Iran-US tribunal based and how many members does it hold?
The Hague; 9
How are the Iran-US tribunal members selected?
3 by Iran
3 by the US
3 by the 6
Where is the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce?
Paris
The ICJ is based on a what?
a statute
The parties to the ICJ statute include who? and who is the non-member?
all members of the UN; Switzerland
How many judges are on the ICJ?
15
Who elects the ICJ judges?
The security council and the GA
The ICJ has what two kinds of jurisdiction?
- to decide contentious cases between the states
- to render advisory opinions
Who was involved in the Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran?
US-Iran
Who handled the Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran and when?
ICJ, 1980
What was the ruling in the Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran?
In the absence of an agreement, either party in a dispute may unilaterally have recourse to the ICJ
Who handled the Western Sahara case and when?
ICJ, 1975
Who was involved in the Western Sahara case?
Spain-Morocco
What was the ruling in the Western Sahara case?
the competence of the ICJ to give an opinion does not depend on the consent of the interested states
The ICJ is known as what?
the court of 1st and last resort
The main purpose of the UN is what?
maintain international peace and security
Which part of the UN charter seeks to remove threats to promote peaceful settlement of international dispute?
Article 1(1)
The security council is made up of who?
5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members
The secretary general is appointed for how long?
5 years
Which article of the UN charter describes the selection of the secretary general?
Article 97
Under what article may the secretary general bring any matter that threatens international peace and security to the attention of the council?
Article 99
Which article of the UN charter states that members are to refrain from the threat or use of force against the territory of any state?
Article 2
Which part of the UN charter states that all members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means?
Article 2 (3)
The GA defines what as the use of armed forces by a state against the territory or independence of another state in manner inconsistent with the charter?
Aggression
What are the 5 types of UN sanctions?
- Diplomatic sanctions
- arms embargoes
- commodity interdiction
- travel bans
- asset freezes
When was the UDHR drafted?
1948
When was the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide?
1948
When was the convention relating to the status of refugees?
1951
When was the convention on the political rights of women?
1952
When was the convention relating to the status of stateless persons?
1954
When was the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination?
1965
When was the international covenant on civil and political rights?
1966
When was the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women?
1980
when was the convention concerning occupational safety and health issues and the working environment?
1981
When was the convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment?
1984
When did the Rome statute establish the ICC?
1998
When was the protocol to prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in persons?
2000
How many chapters and articles are in the UN charter?
19 chapters; 111 articles
How many articles does chapter 1 of the UN charter have and what does it discuss?
2; purposes and principles
How many articles does chapter 4 of the UN charter have and what does it discuss?
14; focuses on GA
How many articles does chapter 5 of the UN charter have and what does it discuss?
10; security council
What does chapter 7 of the Un charter discuss?
threats to peace and acts of aggression
How many articles does chapter 14 of the UN charter have and what does it discuss?
5; ICJ
How many articles does chapter 15 of the UN charter have and what does it discuss?
5;UN General Secretariat
Concepts of “information warfare” applies to military techniques that target the opponent’s what?
- information systems
- command and control systems
- intelligence systems
- civil infrastructure
Non-lethal military techniques include what?
- slippery foam
- pungent fumes
- microwaves
What is another name for changing info in a targeted info system without damaging its physical components in a computer network?
Hacking
When was the US-soviet Nuclear Accidents Agreement signed and effective?
September 30, 1971
When was the ABM Treaty (limitation of anti-ballistic missle systems)signed and effective?
Signed: May 26 1972
Effective: May 25 1976
When was the US-Soviet agreement on the prevention of nuclear war signed and effective?
June 23 1973
When was the Threshold Ban Treaty (underground nuclear weapons tests) signed and effective?
Signed: July 3 1974
Effective: December 11 1990
When was the peaceful nuclear explosions treaty (underground explosions for peaceful purposes) signed and effective?
Signed: May 28 1976
Effective: December 11 1990
When was the French-Soviet Nuclear Accidents Agreement signed and effective?
July 16 1976
When was the British-Soviet Nuclear Accidents agreement signed and effective?
October 10, 1977
When was the START Treaty ( US-soviet treaty on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms) signed and effective?
Signed: July 31 1991
Effective: December 5 1994
When was the Antarctic Treaty signed and effective?
Signed: December 1 1959
Effective: June 23 1961
When was the Limited Test Ban Treaty ( treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and under water) signed and effective?
Signed: August 5 1963
Effective: October 10 1963
When was the outer space treaty signed and effective?
Signed: January 27 1967
Effective: October 10 1967
When was the Treaty of Tlateloclo signed and effective?
Signed: February 14 1967
Effective: April 22 1968
When was the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons signed and effective?
Signed: July 1 1968
Effective: March 5 1970
When was the Sea-bed treaty signed and effective?
Signed: February 11 1971
Effective: May 18 1972
When was the Biological Weapons convention signed and effective?
Signed: April 10 1972
Effective: March 26 1975
When was the ENMOD Convention (enviromental modifications) signed and effective?
Signed: May 18 1977
Effective: October 5 1978
When was the chemical weapons convention signed and effective?
Signed: January 13 1993
Effective: April 29 1997
When was the Landmine Convention signed and effective?
Signed: December 3 1997
Effective: March 1 1999
