Fourth Sentence Science Prompts Flashcards
1
Q
Spin is considered to be an intrinsic form of, for 10 points, what quantity, symbolized L, is the rotational analogue of linear momentum?
A
Angular Momentum
2
Q
This pathway can be activated by release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which activates cysteine proteases, called caspases.
A
Apoptosis
3
Q
For 10 points, name this type of electrical current that follows a sinusoidal pattern, unlike direct current.
A
Alternating Current
4
Q
For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized L, which is the rotational analogue of linear momentum.
A
Angular Momentum
5
Q
For 10 points, name this French chemist, the so-called “father of modern chemistry.”
A
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
6
Q
For 10 points, name this end product of cellular respiration, the “energy currency” of the cell.
A
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
7
Q
For 10 points, name these compounds that react together to form poly·olefins.
A
Alkenes
8
Q
For 10 points, name this class of hydrocarbons that are characterized by a double bond, which are contrasted with alkanes and alkynes.
A
Alkenes
9
Q
For 10 points, name this second simplest carboxylic acid with formula CH3COOH, which is found in vinegar.
A
Acetic Acid
10
Q
For 10 points, name this rotational analog of linear momentum.
A
Angular Momentum
11
Q
For 10 points, name this functional group characterized by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
A
Alkenes
12
Q
For 10 points, name this group of very reactive metallic elements which includes francium and lithium.
A
Alkali Metals
13
Q
For 10 points, the cross product of position and momentum equals what rotational analogue of momentum?
A
Angular Momentum
14
Q
For 10 points, give this property that allows one to ignore parentheses in products since the quantity “a times b,” end quantity, times c, equals a times the quantity “b times c.”
A
Associativity
15
Q
For 10 points, name this quantity equal to one-half base times height.
A
Area of a Triangle
16
Q
For 10 points, name this group of reactive metal elements which include potassium and sodium.
A
Alkali Metals
17
Q
For 10 points, name this prolific French mathematician who names the statement that the absolute value of x dot y is less than or equal to the product of the norms of x and y along with Schwarz.
A
Augustin-Louis Cauchy:
18
Q
For 10 points, name this “energy currency” of the cell, which is produced through cellular respiration.
A
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
19
Q
For 10 points, name this symbol that typically also represents multiplication.
A
Asterisk
20
Q
For 10 points, name this largest artery of the human body.
A
Aorta
21
Q
For 10 points, name this superior counting system which, in Europe, replaced one named for the Romans.
A
Arabic Numerals
22
Q
For 10 points, name this French mathematician who shares the name of a famous inequality with Hermann Schwarz and the name of a pair of differential equations with Bernhard Riemann.
A
Augustin-Louis Cauchy:
23
Q
Rubidium, cesium, and francium are, for 10 points, members of what elemental group composed of metals that all form a plus one charge.
A
Alkali Metals
24
Q
What substances are contrasted with bases?
A
Acetic Acid
25
For 10 points, UNIX and MS-DOS use what character as a wildcard character in searching, also seen in both C and Java to represent multiplication?
Asterisk
26
At 16.6 degrees Celsius, the anhydrous “glacial” version of this compound begins to form.
Acetic Acid
27
For 10 points, name this class of chemical compounds that exhibit a pH less than seven.
Acetic Acid
28
For 10 points, name this French scientist who is considered the father of modern chemistry.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
29
Unlike necrosis, this process is orderly.
Apoptosis
30
For 10 points, name these long projections of neurons.
Axons
31
For 10 points, name this family of hydrocarbons that includes propene and acetylene.
Alkenes
32
On QWERTY-keyboards, this symbol comes above the eight.
Asterisk
33
6. For 10 points, name this weak acid, which is found in vinegar.
Acetic Acid
34
For 10 points, name this leftmost group on the periodic table.
Alkali Metals
35
For 10 points, name this form of cell death.
Apoptosis
36
For 10 points, name this molecule that stores energy in the bonds between phosphate groups.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
37
For 10 points, name this property which states that the order in which consecutive occurrences of certain binary operations are carried out will not affect the result of an expression.
Associativity
38
The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria triggers, 10 points, what process of programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
39
For 10 points, name this molecule that serves as the “energy currency” of the cell.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
40
For 10 points, name this pioneer of stoichiometry, a scientist guillotined during the French Revolution who was considered the father of modern chemistry.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
41
For 10 points, name this French mathematician, who names that inequality with Schwarz.
Augustin-Louis Cauchy:
42
For 10 points, name this second-most complex carboxylic acid, which is the main component of vinegar.
Acetic Acid
43
For 10 points, give this last name shared by Marie-Anne and her husband Antoine, the father of modern chemistry and coiner of the name "oxygen".
Lavoisier/Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
44
The brachiocephalic artery, the left subclavian artery, and the left common carotid artery all split off of—for 10 points—what artery in the body?
Aorta
45
For 10 points, what molecule often used to power active transport has a function similar to a charged battery?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
46
The first to state the law of conservation of mass, for 10 points, name this French chemist, often considered the father of modern chemistry.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
47
For 10 points, name this flow of charge, which comes in “alternating” and “direct” types.
Electrical Current/Alternating Current
48
Oxygenated blood is received from the heart and distributed by--for 10 points--what largest artery in the human body?
Aorta
49
For 10 points, name this form of radioactive decay that results in the emission of its namesake particle, such as an electron.
Beta Decay
50
For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a nucleus emits either a positron or an electron.
Beta Decay
51
For 10 points, name this anion found in limestone, with formula “C-O-3 2-minus.”
Bicarbonate
51
Sometimes occurring with electron capture, for 10 points, name this type of radioactive decay in which a positron or electron is emitted from a nucleus in its plus or minus versions.
Beta Decay
52
Renal compensation regulates the levels of this anion.
Bicarbonate
53
For 10 points, name this base formed by carbonic anhydrase, a major constituent of the blood's buffering system.
Bicarbonate
54
For 10 points, name this class of vertebrates with feathers and wings.
Birds
54
This anion is present in excess in alkalosis, when its equilibrium is favored over the acid that forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
Bicarbonate
55
For 10 points, name these feathered, egg-laying vertebrates that are typically, but not always, capable of flight.
Birds
56
These animals are believed to have evolved from Archaeopteryx, a dinosaur common during the Jurassic.
Birds
57
4. For 10 points, name this modern class of vertebrates, examples of which include the flightless emu and flying eagles.
Birds
58
For 10 points, identify these ideal objects which absorb all incident radiation.
Black Body/Perfect Black Body
59
For 10 points, name these things which emit more energy than any other object with the same temperature and absorb all incoming electromagnetic radiation.
Black Body/Perfect Black Body
60
When a substance reaches this quantity, vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point
60
For 10 points, name this temperature equal to 100 degrees celsius for water.
Boiling Point
61
For 10 points, name this temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
Boiling Point
62
This is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to its surroundings.
Boiling Point
63
For 10 points, name this temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
Boiling Point
64
Bone/Bone Tissue
64
Vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure at, for 10 points, what temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas, equal to 100 degrees for water?
Boiling Point
65
A device for measuring this quantity is called an ebullioscope.
Boiling Point
66
This temperature is colligatively increased when a solute is added to a liquid and is highest for substances with strong intermolecular forces.
Boiling Point
67
The density of these structures can be measured with a DEXA scan.
Bone/Bone Tissue
68
For 10 points, name this tissue which makes up the majority of the body’s skeletal system.
Bone/Bone Tissue
69
Calcitonin is administered to treat a condition of this tissue named osteoporosis.
Bone/Bone Tissue
70
For 10 points, name this hard connective tissue created by osteoblasts which makes up the skeleton.
Bone/Bone Tissue
71
For 10 points, name this tissue that provides structural integrity to organisms through the skeletal system.
Bone/Bone Tissue
72
This tissue consists of inorganic carbonated hydroxyapatite.
Bone/Bone Tissue
73
Because it has an empty p orbital, this element’s trifluoride is a common Lewis acid.
Boron
74
For 10 points, name this element with atomic number five.
Boron
75
Compounds of this element are often electron-deficient, since they violate the octet rule by having only six valence electrons.
Boron
76
For 10 points, name this metalloid element, with atomic number 5 and symbol B.
Boron
77
For 10 points, name this first p-block element, a metalloid with atomic number 5.
Boron
78
This element’s trifluoride is a Lewis acid which is planar because it has only 3 bonding domains, since this element violates the octet rule.
Boron
79
This element is the lightest to have an electron in the p subshell in its ground state.
Boron
79
For 10 points, name this disease, most common in women, that is detected by a mammogram.
Breast Cancer
80
It is subdivided into conditions of ductal and lobular origin.
Breast Cancer
81
This disease is screened for using mammograms and self-exams.
Breast Cancer
82
For 10 points, name this type of cancer that is usually treated with a mastectomy and radiation.
Breast Cancer
83
For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which small particles move about randomly because of the motion of gas or liquid particles surrounding them.
Brownian Motion
84
Named for a British botanist is – for ten points – what random motion of suspended particles exemplified by pollen grains in water?
Brownian Motion
85
For 10 points, name this random motion of particles suspended in a fluid, discovered in pollen grains by its namesake Scottish botanist.
Brownian Motion
86
For 10 points, diffusion is a basic example of what random motion of particles in a fluid, first discovered in grains of pollen by its namesake botanist Robert Brown?
Brownian Motion
87
Name this seemingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid, also known as pedesis.
Brownian Motion
88
For 10 points, name this upward-pointing force that opposes gravity in a fluid, allowing objects to float.
Buoyancy
89
For 10 points, name this upward-pointing force that keeps objects afloat.
Buoyancy
89
Scuba divers wear a compensator that allows them to modulate this phenomenon while underwater.
Buoyancy
90
For ten points, name this force discovered by Archimedes that causes objects to float.
Buoyancy
91
For 10 points, name this force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
Buoyancy
92
For 10 points, name this element with symbol Ca, found in bones and milk.
Calcium
92
Inadequate Vitamin D levels decrease this element's absorption, which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.
Calcium
93
For 10 points, name this element stored in teeth and bones.
Calcium
94
This element’s oxalate [AWK-suh-layt] salt makes up most kidney stones.
Calcium
95
For 10 points, name this alkaline earth metal whose ions are stored in bones.
Calcium
96
Osteoclast activity increases in response to low blood levels of this ion.
Calcium
97
For 10 points, name this cation (“CAT-eye-on”) that aids in muscle contraction and is stored in bones.
Calcium
98
For 10 points, name this technique that measures the heat change of a reaction.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
99
For 10 points, name this technique for measuring the heat of a chemical reaction, which has a similar name to a unit of energy provided by food.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
100
The isothermal titration type of this technique is commonly used to study the binding of ligands to macromolecules.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
101
For 10 points, name this lab technique that measures the heat gained or lost during a reaction.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
102
For 10 points, name this technique that measures the flow of heat in a reaction, which is often performed in school labs using nested styrofoam coffee cups.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
103
For 10 points, name this technique used to measure the heat evolved in a chemical reaction.
Calorimeter/Calorimetry
104
For 10 points, what first geological period in the Paleozoic (pay-lee-uh-ZOH-ick) era saw a huge increase in multiᐧcellular life, its namesake explosion?
Cambrian Period
105
For 10 points, name this geological period that was the first of the Paleozoic Era.
Cambrian Period
105
For 10 points, name this first period of the Paleozoic Era which had a great diversification in animals in its namesake “explosion”.
Cambrian Period
106
Trilobites are used as an index fossil to divide this period into zones.
Cambrian Period
107
For 10 points, chloroplasts consume water and what gas to make sugars during photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide
107
RuBisCo fixes this molecule in the Calvin cycle.
Carbon Dioxide
108
For 10 points, name this geologic period named for the Latin name of Wales.
Cambrian Period
109
For 10 points, name this gas, with the chemical formula CO2.
Carbon Dioxide
110
For 10 points, name this greenhouse gas that is released by the burning of fossil fuels.
Carbon Dioxide
111
This molecule forms carbonic acid when it reacts with water, causing ocean acidification.
Carbon Dioxide
112
For 10 points, name this quantity which represents the maximum population size that an environment can sustain.
Carrying Capacity
113
For 10 points, name this value, often denoted “K,” that represents the maximum population an environment can support.
Carrying Capacity
114
This value is found in the denominator of the competitive Lotka-Volterra equations and in the differential form of an 1838 equation published by Pierre Verhulst.
Carrying Capacity
115
For 10 points, name this electrode through which electrons flow and from which current leaves, the opposite of an anode.
Cathodes
116
For 10 points, name this structure consisting of a lipid bilayer that separates a cell from its environment.
Cell Membrane
117
For 10 points, name this structure that surrounds the cell.
Cell Membrane
118
Cholesterol increases the fluidity of this structure.
Cell Membrane
119
The fluid mosaic model describes this structure.
Cell Membrane
119
In plants, the cell wall surrounds this structure.
Cell Membrane
119
For 10 points, name this structure composed of two layers of phospholipids, which marks the boundary of a cell.
Cell Membrane
120
For 10 points, name this organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plants.
Chloroplasts
121
For 10 points—name these components of the cytoskeleton.
Centrioles
122
Thylakoids in this organelle contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts
123
For 10 points, name this organelle that is responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts
124
Like the mitochondrion, this double-membraned organelle has its own DNA and was probably originally a prokaryote that got engulfed.
Chloroplasts
124
Both the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur in this organelle, which makes glucose.
Chloroplasts
125
For ten points, name this green organelle most frequently found in plants.
Chloroplasts
126
This organelle consists of the fluid stroma, which surrounds the grana, which are stacks of thylakoids.
Chloroplasts
127
This compound raises the melting point of phospholipids at high temperatures, but prevents bilayers from solidifying when it is cold, according to the fluid mosaic model.
Cholesterol
128
In the blood, this precursor to vitamin D is bound to lipoproteins like LDL.
Cholesterol
129
For 10 points, name this steroid found in the cell membrane.
Cholesterol
130
Steroids are synthesized from, for 10 points, what compound transported by LDL?
Cholesterol
131
The lipoprotein transporters of this compound, HDL and LDL, are called its “good” and “bad” types, respectively.
Cholesterol
132
For 10 points, name this blood lipid whose excess can cause heart disease.
Cholesterol
132
For 10 points, name this technique in which compounds are separated by their size through a stationary phase.
Chromatography
133
For 10 points, name this lab technique that uses stationary and mobile phases to separate mixtures, named for the colored patterns it creates.
Chromatography
134
In this technique, a mobile phase carries mixtures of interest past a stationary phase.
Chromatography
135
For 10 points, name this separation technique named for its initial use in separating colored plant pigments.
Chromatography
136
The analyte in this process is dissolved in a mobile phase, which moves through a stationary phase.
Chromatography
137
For 10 points, name this technique which separates materials based on their rate of movement through a medium.
Chromatography
138
For 10 points, name this technique named for the colors that might result from separating mixtures.
Chromatography
139
Adsorbent alumina or silica is used in a different version of this procedure, and a paper version of it can visualize different plant pigments.
Chromatography
140
For 10 points, name this laboratory technique often used in protein purification, in which a stationary phase separates out components of a mobile phase.
Chromatography
141
In essence, solving this equation will yield the coexistence curve for two states of a substance.
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
142
Its simplest form states that delta P over delta T equals L over T delta V.
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
143
For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous equation, which demonstrates a nonlinear relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of a system.
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
144
Clearing bird droppings from a horn antenna led to this phenomenon’s accidental discovery by Penzias and Wilson.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
145
For 10 points, name this electromagnetic radiation left over from the Big Bang.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
146
This structure produced during the recombination epoch [EH-puck] approximates a blackbody with a temperature of 2.7 Kelvin.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
147
For ten points, name this structure, the leftover radiation from the Big Bang.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
148
It was discovered after first being mistaken for pigeon droppings by Penzias and Wilson.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
149
Discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs, sounds caused by this phenomenon were thought to have been caused by pigeon droppings.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
150
For 10 points, name this thermal radiation whose temperature is 2.7 Kelvin, and which is found throughout the universe.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
151
For 10 points, name this feature of the universe that serves as evidence for the Big Bang theory.
CMBR (cosmic microwave background radiation):
152
These events are often solved using the center-of-momentum frame.
Collisions
153
These events always conserve momentum, and if they conserve total kinetic energy, they are called perfectly elastic.
Collisions
154
The probability of these events may be characterized by the mean free path and is typically expressed in terms of cross-sectional area.
Collisions
155
The center-of-momentum frame is often used to simplify problems where two bodies undergo this kind of interaction.
Collisions
156
One of these events must occur if a ballistic pendulum gains potential energy.
Collisions
157
The time of flight is the inverse of the frequency that these interactions happen at, denoted Z in the Arrhenius [er-RAINY-us] equation.
Collisions
158
For 10 points, billiard balls undergo which events, in which objects hit each other?
Collisions
159
These events always conserve momentum and may be classified as elastic or inelastic based on whether total kinetic energy is conserved.
Collisions
160
Brownian motion involves many of these events, and so does the Sinai billiard system.
Collisions
160
This type of interaction, which can be described by the coefficient of restitution, conserves momentum but not kinetic energy in its inelastic type.
Collisions
161
Deflection is a special case of these interactions, which have elastic and inelastic forms.
Collisions
162
This element reacts with acetic acid to form verdigris and is alloyed with tin to produce bronze.
Copper
163
For 10 points, name this metal found above silver and gold on the periodic table which has a distinct brown color.
Copper
164
For 10 points, name this metal whose atomic symbol is Cu [C-U].
Copper
165
Gilman reagents contain lithium and this metal, which has oxidation states of +1 and +2.
Copper
166
For 10 points, name this transition metal that has atomic number 29.
Copper
167
A sculpture created by Bartholdi is covered by this element’s carbonate.
Copper
168
For 10 points, name this event which occurred about 65 million years ago and killed off such reptiles as the T. Rex.
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event
169
For ten points, name this event which caused the eradication of the Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event
170
For 10 points—name this catastrophic event discovered by Luis Alvarez.
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event
171
For 10 points, name this adjective that describes a point on a phase diagram where a solid and liquid phase are indistinguishable.
Critical
172
Liquids and gases do not exist beyond a value described by this adjective; that “point” described by this adjective can be visualized on a phase diagram.
Critical
173
Nuclear reactions become self-sustaining after reaching—for 10 points—what kind of “mass?”
Critical
174
For 10 points—identify this class of compounds containing non-aromatic six-membered rings.
Cyclohexane
175
For 10 points, name this congenital disease in which mucus builds up in the sinuses and lungs, abbreviated CF.
Cystic Fibrosis
176
This disease is often caused by the deletion of F508 in a particular ion transporter.
Cystic Fibrosis
177
The sweat chloride test diagnoses this disease.
Cystic Fibrosis
178
Clubbed fingers are common in people with this autosomal (aa-tuh-ZOW-muhl) recessive disease, which is treated using percussive vests to clear the airways.
Cystic Fibrosis
179
For 10 points, name this genetic disease characterized by the buildup of thick mucus in the lungs.
Cystic Fibrosis
180
People with this condition are often born with clubbed fingers.
Cystic Fibrosis
181
Chloride ions fail to get across the cell membrane in people with, for 10 points, what disease.
Cystic Fibrosis
182
For 10 points, name these entities that are not edges but connect vertices [VER-tuh-seez] of a polygon.
Diagonal
183
Given a regular polygon with n sides, the number of segments described by this term is equal to half the product of n and “n minus three.”
Diagonal
184
A square has two of these things, and their length is equal to the side length times root 2.
Diagonal
185
For 10 points, give this term for lines which are neither horizontal nor vertical.
Diagonal
186
When this process occurs in solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane, it is termed osmosis.
Diffusion
187
For 10 points, name this process of molecules moving down a concentration gradient.
Diffusion
188
This process limits the rate of kinetically-perfect catalysts.
Diffusion
189
This process is contrasted with bulk flow because it moves down a concentration gradient.
Diffusion
190
A form of this process in which water crosses a semipermeable membrane is called osmosis.
Diffusion
191
For 10 points, name this process, caused by molecular motion, that is a net flow of molecules from higher concentrations to lower concentrations.
Diffusion
192
For 10 points, name this movement of particles from regions of high to low concentration.
Diffusion
193
Euclid’s algorithm finds the largest number that satisfies this operation for two integers.
Division
194
This operation’s “synthetic” form is sometimes used to find factors of a polynomial.
Division
195
The modulo operation returns the remainder of, for 10 points, what operation that yields a quotient?
Division
196
The Sunzi algorithm uses rod arithmetic to perform this operation.
Division
197
In L’Hopital’s rule, after taking the limits of both functions, one must perform this operation.
Division
198
For 10 points, name this operation, the inverse of multiplication.
Division
199
This action either produces the rationals from the integers or yields a remainder, and you can’t do it with zero.
Division
200
For 10 points, name this molecule whose double helix structure, modeled by Watson and Crick, carries the genetic code.
DNA
201
This molecule is analyzed in a technique named after Frederick Sanger.
DNA
202
Short tandem repeats in this molecule are targeted by CRISPR/Cas9, allowing for its splicing.
DNA
203
For 10 points, name this double-stranded, hereditary molecule used to fingerprint individuals in forensics.
DNA
204
Circular dichroism is used to distinguish the Z conformation of this molecule from the B, which is right-handed and has a larger major groove.
DNA
205
This molecule naturally exists as a supercoil that must be unwound.
DNA
206
The 3D structure of this molecule was discovered using X-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin.
DNA
207
Photo 51 is a photo of this compound that was taken using X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin before Francis and Crick modeled this compound in 3D.
DNA
208
For 10 points, name this effect which causes the frequency of a source to change based on its relative velocity and is commonly encountered when passing emergency vehicles.
Doppler Effect
209
F equals c plus V-r over c plus V-s times F-naught is used to calculate the strength of this effect.
Doppler Effect
210
One form of this effect is used to determine the distance of galaxies.
Doppler Effect
210
Redshift is an example of, for 10 points, what effect where the motion of a wave source affects its frequency?
Doppler Effect
211
For 10 points, name this effect that is illustrated by the change in pitch of a siren as it passes by.
Doppler Effect
212
This effect in electromagnetic waves causes redshift or blueshift.
Doppler Effect
213
Its transverse form was used in the Ives-Stillwell experiment to measure the effect of time dilation on it.
Doppler Effect
214
A functional group containing one of these structures has a characteristic 2n hydrogens for every n carbons.
Double Bond
215
Diatomic oxygen contains one of these structures consisting of a sigma bond and a pi bond linking two sp 2 [“s-p-two”]-hybridized atoms.
Double Bond
216
For 10 points, name this kind of bond denoted by two parallel lines between atoms.
Double Bond
217
Raney nickel can remove these structures in the production of cyclohexane.
Double Bond
218
For 10 points, name this bond where two electron pairs are shared between two atoms.
Double Bond
218
These interactions involve one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Double Bond
219
Bredt’s Rule states that this interaction cannot be located at the bridgehead position of small bridged bicyclic molecules.
Double Bond
219
For 10 points, name these covalent bonds in which four electrons are shared.
Double Bond
220
People with this disease often have transverse creases on their hands or white spots on the outside of their irises.
Down’s Syndrome
221
For 10 points, name this disease, the trisomy of chromosome 21.
Down’s Syndrome
221
Since sufferers of this disease have increased production of a certain precursor protein, this disease causes early-in-life Alzheimer’s-like accumulation of Amyloid protein in neurons.
Down’s Syndrome
222
The familial form of this disease is caused by a translocation; more commonly, it is caused by a nondisjunction of the smallest chromosome.
Down’s Syndrome
223
This disorder results in discoloration of the iris known as Brushfield spots.
Down’s Syndrome
224
Like other diseases of its type, it can be caused by a Robertsonian translocation.
Down’s Syndrome
225
A flattened nose and face, as well as slanted eyes, are observed in, for 10 points, which genetic disorder that causes severe mental disability?
Down’s Syndrome
226
Symptoms of this disease include focal areas of stromal hyperplasia in the eyes known as Brushfield spots and having a single palmar crease.
Down’s Syndrome
227
This organism’s salivary glands contain massive polytene chromosomes.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
227
The embryos of this organism’s “tinman” mutant lack hearts, while its many other mutations include “clock,” “shaker,” and “white-eyed.”
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
227
For 10 points, name this insect whose minimal needs and short generation time have made it a versatile model organism in biomedical research.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
227
Thomas Hunt Morgan’s studies of inheritance with these organisms’ white-protein mutations demonstrated the existence of sex-linked genes.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
228
Hox genes were first identified in this organism.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
229
For 10 points, name this model insect of the genus Drosophila [druh-SAW-fil-uh].
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
230
Discovering the molecular basis for circadian rhythms in this organism earned Jeffrey Hall the 2017 Nobel Prize.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
231
In these organisms, zinc finger proteins are coded by Ken and Barbie genes.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
231
For 10 points, name this classification that describes stars smaller than “giants.”
Dwarf Stars
232
For 10 points, name this insect model organism of genetics whose common name reflects its love for sweet vegetation.
Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly)
233
These objects occupy the main sequence on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and were originally classified by their their low luminosity.
Dwarf Stars
234
For 10 points, name this type of star, whose subclasses include “brown,” “white,” and “red.”
Dwarf Stars
235
This constant is used to define hyperbolic trig functions.
e (Euler’s Number)
235
The only function equal to its own derivative utilizes this constant.
e (Euler’s Number)
236
This number raised to the power of i times pi equals negative one.
e (Euler’s Number)
237
The base of the natural logarithm is, for 10 points, what constant approximately equal to 2.718?
e (Euler’s Number)
238
For 10 points, name this constant, the base of the natural exponential and logarithmic functions.
e (Euler’s Number)
239
The Taylor series for “this number to the x power” is an infinite sum, from zero, of “x to the n” over “n factorial” because the derivative of this number to the x power is still this number to the x power.
e (Euler’s Number)
239
The integral of 1/x [1 divided by x] from 1 to this number equals 1.
e (Euler’s Number)
240
This number is the base in the infinite sum that defines Jacobi’s theta function.
e (Euler’s Number)
241
The reciprocal of this value is the limiting probability in the hat-check problem
e (Euler’s Number)
242
The orientation and motion of these events are represented on so-called “beachball plots.”
Earthquakes
243
States like Oklahoma have seen an increased rate of liquefaction caused by these events from fluid injection used in fracking.
Earthquakes
244
These events’ strength is measured with the moment magnitude scale.
Earthquakes
244
For 10 points, what geologic events occur at faults and have their strength reported with the Richter scale?
Earthquakes
245
The Gutenberg–Richter law illustrates a logarithmic relationship between the strength of these events and the time between them.
Earthquakes
246
For 10 points, give this event that’s the result of sudden movement along plate boundaries.
Earthquakes
247
Tecumseh’s alliance against American encroachment was strengthened by a series of these events named for New Madrid, Missouri.
Earthquakes
248
For 10 points, what are these events, one of which crippled Lisbon’s impact on world trade in 1755.
Earthquakes
249
Elastic-rebound theory explains how energy is released during these events.
Earthquakes
250
Larvae of this phylum exhibit bilateral symmetry at birth but develop five-sided radial symmetry during maturation.
Echinodermata
250
For 10 points, name this phylum that contains sea cucumbers, starfish, and sea urchins.
Echinodermata
251
Crinoidea and Asteroidea are two classes of this phylum.
Echinodermata
252
Organisms in this phylum have tube feet that regulate their water vascular system.
Echinodermata
253
For 10 points, name this phylum containing sea urchins and sea stars that is named for its members’ spiny skin.
Echinodermata
254
A model organism in this phylum was instrumental in discovering the acrosomal reaction because of its clear eggs and is called A. punctulata.
Echinodermata
255
These non-chordate deuterostomes have bilateral symmetry as larvae but revert to radial symmetry as adults.
Echinodermata
256
That quantity named for this scientist approximately equals 1 over the age of the universe.
Edwin Powell Hubble
257
This scientist’s law states that farther-away objects in the universe move away faster.
Edwin Powell Hubble
257
An instrument named for James Webb replaced one named for this scientist, which took several “deep field” images.
Edwin Powell Hubble
258
For 10 points, name this American namesake of a space telescope.
Edwin Powell Hubble
259
The publishing of this man’s work on one measurement led Albert Einstein to call his own use of the cosmological constant his greatest mistake.
Edwin Powell Hubble
260
For 10 points, name this astronomer and namesake of a NASA telescope launched in 1990.
Edwin Powell Hubble
260
The strong 2013 typhoon season presaged one of these events that is still ongoing.
El Nino- Southern Oscillation
261
A diagram named for this man which classifies elliptical and spiral galaxies is known as his tuning fork diagram.
Edwin Powell Hubble
262
For 10 points, name this periodic warming of the Pacific Ocean that gets its Spanish name from its usual timing around Christmas.
El Nino- Southern Oscillation
263
Episodes of this cyclic event are indicated by increases of more than half a degree centigrade in sea surface temperature and series of Kelvin waves.
El Nino- Southern Oscillation
264
It typically begins with unusually warm ocean conditions along the west coast of South America and faltering of the trade winds.
El Nino- Southern Oscillation
264
This quantity is zero for a Majorana fermion.
Electric Charge
264
This event has devastating impacts on fishing, agriculture, and local weather in tropical areas and can result in climatic anomalies elsewhere.
El Nino- Southern Oscillation
265
Surface integrating the electric field gives this quantity.
Electric Charge
266
The change in this quantity due to friction is described by the triboelectric effect.
Electric Charge
266
The movement of this quantity is quantified by its time derivative, current.
Electric Charge
266
Condensers and Leyden jars were used to store this quantity.
Electric Charge
267
For 10 points, name this quantity, symbolized q and measured in Coulombs, which is negative for an electron.
Electric Charge
268
For an atom, this quantity equals the number of protons minus the number of electrons, and is nonzero for ions.
Electric Charge
269
For 10 points, what quantity is zero for a neutral atom?
Electric Charge
270
The electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the amount of this quantity enclosed according to Gauss’s law.
Electric Charge
271
The difference in this property determines whether a covalent bond is polar or nonpolar.
Electronegativity
272
This property increases to the right and up on the periodic table, culminating with fluorine, which measures a 4.0 on the Pauling scale of this property.
Electronegativity
273
For 10 points, name this property, the ability of an element to attract electrons in a bond.
Electronegativity
274
The Mulliken and Pauling scales measure this property.
Electronegativity
275
Fluorine has the highest value of, for 10 points, what quantity that describes an atom’s ability to attract electrons.
Electronegativity
276
Atoms with different values of this quantity form polar covalent bonds.
Electronegativity
277
This quantity is set equal to the arithmetic mean of ionization energy and electron affinity in a scale devised by Robert Mullikan.
Electronegativity
278
Electronegativity
279
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