Fourth Quarter Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Hemopoiesis
A
Manufactures red blood cells, platelets, and some types of white blood cells in the red bone marrow
2
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Bones that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk
3
Q
Frontal bone
A
Forehead
4
Q
Parietal Bones
A
Top of the head
5
Q
Temporal bones
A
Side of the head
6
Q
Occipital bones
A
Back of the head
7
Q
Sutures
A
Jagged lines that connect the skull bones together
8
Q
Cervical region, Thoracic region, Lumbar region, Sacrum, Coccyx
A
Regions of the vertebral column
9
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Bones that attach to the axial skeleton
10
Q
Pectoral girdle
A
Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
11
Q
Clavicle
A
Attaches to the thorax
12
Q
Scapula
A
Floats on the back of the ribs suspended by muscles and ligaments
13
Q
Humerus
A
Large bone at the top of the arm
14
Q
Forearm
A
Consists of the radius and ulna
15
Q
Carpal bones
A
Wrist bones that attach hand to arm
16
Q
Metacarpal bones
A
Form the bones of the hand
17
Q
Phalanges
A
Make up the bones in the fingers and toes
18
Q
Pelvic Girdle
A
Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
19
Q
Coxal bones
A
Two large, heavy bones that attach to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
20
Q
Femur
A
The bone at the top of the leg
21
Q
Lower leg
A
Consists of the tibia and fibula
22
Q
Patella
A
Found on the front of your knee cap
23
Q
Tarsal bones
A
Ankle bones that attach the foot to leg
24
Q
Metatarsals
A
Make up the bones of the foot
25
Epiphysis
Bulging end of the long bone
26
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
27
Periosteum
Protective sheet encasing the bone
28
Compact bone
Strong, dense bone found in the diaphysis
29
Medullary cavity
Hollow area at the core of the diaphysis
30
Spongy bone
Porous bone filled with marrow, nerves, and blood vessels located inside the epiphysis
31
Osteoclasts
Move through our bones and break down old cells to make room for new ones
32
Haversian canals
Small tunnels created by osteoclasts as they move through the bones
33
Osteoblasts
Move in to construct new bone matrix inside the haversian canals
34
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that surround newly formed bone matrix
35
Tendons
Dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
36
Origin
Location where the muscle attaches to an immovable bone
37
Insertion
Location where the muscle attaches to a moveable bone
38
Plasma
Pale yellow liquid composed mostly of water containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, hormones, and 3 types of blood proteins
39
Albumin
Manufactured in the liver and regulates the amount of water in your blood and tissues
40
Globulins
Manufactured in the liver and lymph tissue and help transport fats around the body and fight infection
41
Fibrinogen
Manufactured in the liver and helps form blood clots
42
Formed elements
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
43
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes make up 95% of the formed elements
44
White blood cells
Leukocytes produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
45
Platelets
Thrombocytes--cell fragments formed in the bone marrow
46
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
47
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels and location of nutrient and gas exchange
48
Veins
Carry the deoxygenated blood toward the heart
49
Pericardium
Tough white sac that protects the heart
50
Atria
2 thin-walled chambers serve as the entrances to the heart
51
Ventricles
2 chambers found on the bottom of the heart
52
Septum
Thick wall separating the atria and ventricles
53
A-V valves
Allow the blood to flow from each atrium to the corresponding ventricle but do not allow blood to flow the opposite way
54
Aortic semilunar valve
Allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta
55
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries
56
Pleural membrane
A double membrane which lines the rib cage to prevent friction between the rib cage and lungs
57
Diaphragm
A thick sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal
58
Intercostal muscles
Contract and lift the ribs and breastbone up and outward when breathing
59
Medulla oblongata
A region of the brain responsible for controlling breathing
60
Upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavity
Pharanasal sinuses
Pharynx
61
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Epiglottis
Bronchi
62
Bronchi
2 branches that lead from the trachea to each lung
63
Alveoli
The microscopic, balloon-like sacs lined with capillaries at the end of the smallest bronchioles
64
External respiration
Process of breathing in and out; oxygen and carbon dioxide being exchanged in the alveoli
65
Gas transport
Oxygen and carbon dioxide use the bloodstream as a transportation system to get where they need to go.
66
Internal respiration
When oxygen is transferred from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide waste is given to the red blood cells in return
67
Soma
Cell body of a neuron
68
Dendrites
Finger-like projections carry messages toward the soma
69
Axon
Long extension from the soma carries messages away from the soma
70
Axon terminals
Finger-like projection at the end of the axon
71
Myelin sheath
Supports and insulates the axon, composed of special glial cells
72
Synaptic cleft
Space between two neurons
73
Neurotransmitters
Molecules released at the axon terminal which travel across the synaptic cleft
74
Sensory neurons
Detect sensory stimuli and carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain
75
Interneurons
Interpret the sensory signal and transfer the message from the brain and spinal cord to the motor neurons-found only in spinal cord and brain
76
Motor neurons
Convert the message received from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate muscles and glands
77
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
78
Cerebrum
Upper portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres
79
Corpus Callosum
Mass of nerve fibers allowing the hemispheres to communicate
80
Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum
81
White matter
Composed primarily of myelinated axons; responsible for carrying information
82
Gray matter
Composed primarily of nerve cell bodies; responsible for processing information
83
Frontal lobes
Found under the forehead; the center of reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, problem solving, and some parts of speech
84
Parietal lobes
Located on the top of the head; responsible for processing sense of touch
85
Temporal lobes
Found on the sides of the head, associated with speech perception, hearing, and some types of memory
86
Occipital lobes
Found in the back of the head; receives input from your eyes and referred to as the visual cortex
87
Cerebellum
Found at the back of your head under the cerebrum; divided into left and right hemispheres
88
Brainstem
Connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary functions
89
Pons
Assists in regulating breathing, eye movement, coordination, and facial expressions
90
Midbrain
Assists in regulating eye movement, pupil size, and operating the lens of your eye
91
Limbic System
Groups of nerves around the brainstem
92
Thalamus
Routes signal to various parts of the body
93
Hypothalamus
Control unit for your body's autonomic systems and responsible for the physical effects of emotion
94
Hippocampus
Processes factual memories
95
Amygdala
Processes emotional memories and generates emotions
96
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary skeletal function
97
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary muscles and glands
98
Sympathetic Nervous System
Your fight-or-flight response; sends signals to raise your heart rate and blood pressure and stimulates your liver to release glucose to produce quick energy
99
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Your rest-repose response; sends signal to decrease your heart rate and blood pressure and contracts stomach muscles for digestion
100
Thermoreceptors
Respond to temperature changes
101
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to touch and pressure changes
102
Pain receptors
React by causing you to feel pain
103
Semicircular canals
Serve as balance sensors and detect sensors left and right tilting, side-to-side motion, and up and down motion
104
Saccule and utricle
Detect backward-forward motion and upward-downward motion
105
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum
106
Sight
When light strikes your eye, it passes thru the cornea and enters the pupil, then passes thru the lens and strikes the retina at the back of the eye
107
Rods
Very sensitive to light and discern movement, but not color
108
Cones
Detect color
109
Gland
An organ that secretes a chemical
110
Target cells
Cells with receptors that respond to specific hormones
111
Thyroid gland
Secretes thyroxin (regulates metabolic rate) and calcitonin (causes excess blood calcium to be stored in the bones)
112
Adrenal medulla
The inner portion of the adrenal glands. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
113
Adrenal cortex
The outer portion of the adrenal glands. Secretes cortisol and aldosterone
114
Pancreas
Contains a group of cells, the Islet of Langerhans, some of which release the hormone insulin and others release glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels
115
Epidermis
Top layer of skin tissue
116
Squamous cells
flattened, dead cells resembling scales. Part of the epidermis
117
Dermis
Second layer of skin tissue. Produces elastin and collagen
118
Arrector Pili
Smooth muscles attached to hair follicles
119
Sebaceous glands
Secrete an oil called sebum which softens and waterproofs your skin
120
Subcutaneous
Deepest layer of skin
121
Lymph fluid
Clear, whitish fluid made mostly of water, but also contains special cells that attack invaders
122
Lymph vessels
One-way transport vessels that allow lymph fluid to travel to capillaries in tissues around the body
123
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels move the fluid to the lymph nodes which act as filtering and monitoring stations that clean the lymph of dead cells and foreign invaders
124
Subclavian vein
Lymph fluid eventually travels to the subclavian vein where it joins the bloodstream and becomes part of the blood plasma
125
Chyle
When lymph fluid collects fat, it turns a milky color termed chyle
126
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ
127
B-cells
Mature in the spleen and make antibodies to help eliminate harmful bacteria and viruses
128
Thymus gland
Where T-cells are made, mature, and trained for what to fight and what to leave alone. T-cells that attack invaders enter the bloodstream and reside in the lymphatic tissue
129
Lymphocytes
T-cells
B-cells
Natural killer cells
130
Basophils
Produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for allergic reactions
131
Neutrophils
Produced in the bone marrow and respond quickly to hold off pathogens
132
Eosinophils
Produced in the bone marrow and release a chemical that attacks large multicellular parasites
133
Monocytes
Produced in the bone marrow, are the largest white blood cells in the human body. Attack pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi
134
Gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal includes:
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
135
Chyme
A liquified mixture of food and gastric juices
136
Three parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
137
Duodenum
Region of the small intestine where digestive juice from the pancreas and liver combine with chyme, making it very thin and watery
138
Jejunum
Region of the small intestine where nutrients begin to be absorbed into the bloodstream
139
Ileum
Food continues to be absorbed into the bloodstream
140
Mucosa
Inner wall of the small intestine
141
Cecum
Beginning of the large intestine
142
Colon
Middle portion of the large intestine, divided into ascending, transverse, and descending colon
143
Rectum
End of the large intestine
144
Organs of the excretory system
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Liver
Skin
Lungs
Large intestine
Kidneys
```
145
Uric acid or urea
Wastes dissolved into the blood
146
Renal artery
The area where blood enters the kidneys
147
Three steps of filtering
Filtration--blood enters the nephron and passes thru a network of capillaries called the glomerulus, then passes through a filtration membrane
Reabsorption--Filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule thru a long, thin tube called the renal tubule
Secretion--Waste products that didn't get filtered out of the bloodstream in the capillaries are sent to the nephron via secretion
148
Ureters
Urine moves thru the ureters to the bladder
149
Urethra
Where urine exits the body
150
Scrotum
Where the testes are located, outside the abdomen to keep them cooler
151
Seminiferous tubules
The tubes inside testes where meiosis takes place and sperm are produced
152
Epididymis
A tube where sperm mature after they are produced in the seminiferous tubules
153
Prostate gland
Produces semen along with the seminal vesicles
154
Oogenesis
The process by which an immature ovum matures
155
Polar body
The smaller cell that's produced during oogenesis
156
Secondary oocyte
The larger cell that's produced during oogenesis
157
Morula stage
Occurs when the zygote has reached about 16 cells and is approximately 3 days old
158
Blastula stage
Begins when the morula arrives in the uterus and the mass of cells forms an outer shell layer with an inner fluid-filled cavity called a blastocyst.
159
Implantation
Occurs when the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium
160
Ectoderm
The outer layer which will form the epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system
161
Mesoderm
The middle layer which will form the circulatory system, muscles, and bone
162
Endoderm
The innermost layer which will form the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
163
Organogenesis
About 2-3 weeks after fertilization, all the embryo's organs are formed
164
Fetus
Week 9
