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Biology part 4 > Fourth Quarter Exam > Flashcards

Fourth Quarter Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Manufactures red blood cells, platelets, and some types of white blood cells in the red bone marrow

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk

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3
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forehead

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4
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Top of the head

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5
Q

Temporal bones

A

Side of the head

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6
Q

Occipital bones

A

Back of the head

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7
Q

Sutures

A

Jagged lines that connect the skull bones together

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8
Q

Cervical region, Thoracic region, Lumbar region, Sacrum, Coccyx

A

Regions of the vertebral column

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9
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones that attach to the axial skeleton

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10
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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11
Q

Clavicle

A

Attaches to the thorax

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12
Q

Scapula

A

Floats on the back of the ribs suspended by muscles and ligaments

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13
Q

Humerus

A

Large bone at the top of the arm

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14
Q

Forearm

A

Consists of the radius and ulna

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15
Q

Carpal bones

A

Wrist bones that attach hand to arm

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16
Q

Metacarpal bones

A

Form the bones of the hand

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17
Q

Phalanges

A

Make up the bones in the fingers and toes

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18
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

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19
Q

Coxal bones

A

Two large, heavy bones that attach to the sacrum of the axial skeleton

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20
Q

Femur

A

The bone at the top of the leg

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21
Q

Lower leg

A

Consists of the tibia and fibula

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22
Q

Patella

A

Found on the front of your knee cap

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23
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Ankle bones that attach the foot to leg

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24
Q

Metatarsals

A

Make up the bones of the foot

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25
Q

Epiphysis

A

Bulging end of the long bone

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26
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone

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27
Q

Periosteum

A

Protective sheet encasing the bone

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28
Q

Compact bone

A

Strong, dense bone found in the diaphysis

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29
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow area at the core of the diaphysis

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30
Q

Spongy bone

A

Porous bone filled with marrow, nerves, and blood vessels located inside the epiphysis

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31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Move through our bones and break down old cells to make room for new ones

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32
Q

Haversian canals

A

Small tunnels created by osteoclasts as they move through the bones

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33
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Move in to construct new bone matrix inside the haversian canals

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34
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that surround newly formed bone matrix

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35
Q

Tendons

A

Dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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36
Q

Origin

A

Location where the muscle attaches to an immovable bone

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37
Q

Insertion

A

Location where the muscle attaches to a moveable bone

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38
Q

Plasma

A

Pale yellow liquid composed mostly of water containing dissolved nutrients, wastes, hormones, and 3 types of blood proteins

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39
Q

Albumin

A

Manufactured in the liver and regulates the amount of water in your blood and tissues

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40
Q

Globulins

A

Manufactured in the liver and lymph tissue and help transport fats around the body and fight infection

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41
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Manufactured in the liver and helps form blood clots

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42
Q

Formed elements

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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43
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes make up 95% of the formed elements

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44
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes

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45
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes–cell fragments formed in the bone marrow

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46
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

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47
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels and location of nutrient and gas exchange

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48
Q

Veins

A

Carry the deoxygenated blood toward the heart

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49
Q

Pericardium

A

Tough white sac that protects the heart

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50
Q

Atria

A

2 thin-walled chambers serve as the entrances to the heart

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51
Q

Ventricles

A

2 chambers found on the bottom of the heart

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52
Q

Septum

A

Thick wall separating the atria and ventricles

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53
Q

A-V valves

A

Allow the blood to flow from each atrium to the corresponding ventricle but do not allow blood to flow the opposite way

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54
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta

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55
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary arteries

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56
Q

Pleural membrane

A

A double membrane which lines the rib cage to prevent friction between the rib cage and lungs

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57
Q

Diaphragm

A

A thick sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal

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58
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Contract and lift the ribs and breastbone up and outward when breathing

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59
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

A region of the brain responsible for controlling breathing

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60
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity
Pharanasal sinuses
Pharynx

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61
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx
Trachea
Epiglottis
Bronchi

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62
Q

Bronchi

A

2 branches that lead from the trachea to each lung

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63
Q

Alveoli

A

The microscopic, balloon-like sacs lined with capillaries at the end of the smallest bronchioles

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64
Q

External respiration

A

Process of breathing in and out; oxygen and carbon dioxide being exchanged in the alveoli

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65
Q

Gas transport

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide use the bloodstream as a transportation system to get where they need to go.

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66
Q

Internal respiration

A

When oxygen is transferred from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the body cells and carbon dioxide waste is given to the red blood cells in return

67
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron

68
Q

Dendrites

A

Finger-like projections carry messages toward the soma

69
Q

Axon

A

Long extension from the soma carries messages away from the soma

70
Q

Axon terminals

A

Finger-like projection at the end of the axon

71
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Supports and insulates the axon, composed of special glial cells

72
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between two neurons

73
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules released at the axon terminal which travel across the synaptic cleft

74
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect sensory stimuli and carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain

75
Q

Interneurons

A

Interpret the sensory signal and transfer the message from the brain and spinal cord to the motor neurons-found only in spinal cord and brain

76
Q

Motor neurons

A

Convert the message received from the brain and spinal cord to stimulate muscles and glands

77
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

78
Q

Cerebrum

A

Upper portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres

79
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Mass of nerve fibers allowing the hemispheres to communicate

80
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

81
Q

White matter

A

Composed primarily of myelinated axons; responsible for carrying information

82
Q

Gray matter

A

Composed primarily of nerve cell bodies; responsible for processing information

83
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Found under the forehead; the center of reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, problem solving, and some parts of speech

84
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Located on the top of the head; responsible for processing sense of touch

85
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Found on the sides of the head, associated with speech perception, hearing, and some types of memory

86
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Found in the back of the head; receives input from your eyes and referred to as the visual cortex

87
Q

Cerebellum

A

Found at the back of your head under the cerebrum; divided into left and right hemispheres

88
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects to the spinal cord and controls involuntary functions

89
Q

Pons

A

Assists in regulating breathing, eye movement, coordination, and facial expressions

90
Q

Midbrain

A

Assists in regulating eye movement, pupil size, and operating the lens of your eye

91
Q

Limbic System

A

Groups of nerves around the brainstem

92
Q

Thalamus

A

Routes signal to various parts of the body

93
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control unit for your body’s autonomic systems and responsible for the physical effects of emotion

94
Q

Hippocampus

A

Processes factual memories

95
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes emotional memories and generates emotions

96
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary skeletal function

97
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary muscles and glands

98
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Your fight-or-flight response; sends signals to raise your heart rate and blood pressure and stimulates your liver to release glucose to produce quick energy

99
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Your rest-repose response; sends signal to decrease your heart rate and blood pressure and contracts stomach muscles for digestion

100
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to temperature changes

101
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to touch and pressure changes

102
Q

Pain receptors

A

React by causing you to feel pain

103
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Serve as balance sensors and detect sensors left and right tilting, side-to-side motion, and up and down motion

104
Q

Saccule and utricle

A

Detect backward-forward motion and upward-downward motion

105
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

106
Q

Sight

A

When light strikes your eye, it passes thru the cornea and enters the pupil, then passes thru the lens and strikes the retina at the back of the eye

107
Q

Rods

A

Very sensitive to light and discern movement, but not color

108
Q

Cones

A

Detect color

109
Q

Gland

A

An organ that secretes a chemical

110
Q

Target cells

A

Cells with receptors that respond to specific hormones

111
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes thyroxin (regulates metabolic rate) and calcitonin (causes excess blood calcium to be stored in the bones)

112
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The inner portion of the adrenal glands. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

113
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer portion of the adrenal glands. Secretes cortisol and aldosterone

114
Q

Pancreas

A

Contains a group of cells, the Islet of Langerhans, some of which release the hormone insulin and others release glucagon which work to balance blood glucose levels

115
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of skin tissue

116
Q

Squamous cells

A

flattened, dead cells resembling scales. Part of the epidermis

117
Q

Dermis

A

Second layer of skin tissue. Produces elastin and collagen

118
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Smooth muscles attached to hair follicles

119
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secrete an oil called sebum which softens and waterproofs your skin

120
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Deepest layer of skin

121
Q

Lymph fluid

A

Clear, whitish fluid made mostly of water, but also contains special cells that attack invaders

122
Q

Lymph vessels

A

One-way transport vessels that allow lymph fluid to travel to capillaries in tissues around the body

123
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph vessels move the fluid to the lymph nodes which act as filtering and monitoring stations that clean the lymph of dead cells and foreign invaders

124
Q

Subclavian vein

A

Lymph fluid eventually travels to the subclavian vein where it joins the bloodstream and becomes part of the blood plasma

125
Q

Chyle

A

When lymph fluid collects fat, it turns a milky color termed chyle

126
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ

127
Q

B-cells

A

Mature in the spleen and make antibodies to help eliminate harmful bacteria and viruses

128
Q

Thymus gland

A

Where T-cells are made, mature, and trained for what to fight and what to leave alone. T-cells that attack invaders enter the bloodstream and reside in the lymphatic tissue

129
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T-cells
B-cells
Natural killer cells

130
Q

Basophils

A

Produced in the bone marrow and are responsible for allergic reactions

131
Q

Neutrophils

A

Produced in the bone marrow and respond quickly to hold off pathogens

132
Q

Eosinophils

A

Produced in the bone marrow and release a chemical that attacks large multicellular parasites

133
Q

Monocytes

A

Produced in the bone marrow, are the largest white blood cells in the human body. Attack pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi

134
Q

Gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal includes:

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

135
Q

Chyme

A

A liquified mixture of food and gastric juices

136
Q

Three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

137
Q

Duodenum

A

Region of the small intestine where digestive juice from the pancreas and liver combine with chyme, making it very thin and watery

138
Q

Jejunum

A

Region of the small intestine where nutrients begin to be absorbed into the bloodstream

139
Q

Ileum

A

Food continues to be absorbed into the bloodstream

140
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner wall of the small intestine

141
Q

Cecum

A

Beginning of the large intestine

142
Q

Colon

A

Middle portion of the large intestine, divided into ascending, transverse, and descending colon

143
Q

Rectum

A

End of the large intestine

144
Q

Organs of the excretory system

A 
Liver
Skin
Lungs
Large intestine
Kidneys
145
Q

Uric acid or urea

A

Wastes dissolved into the blood

146
Q

Renal artery

A

The area where blood enters the kidneys

147
Q

Three steps of filtering

A

Filtration–blood enters the nephron and passes thru a network of capillaries called the glomerulus, then passes through a filtration membrane
Reabsorption–Filtrate flows from Bowman’s capsule thru a long, thin tube called the renal tubule
Secretion–Waste products that didn’t get filtered out of the bloodstream in the capillaries are sent to the nephron via secretion

148
Q

Ureters

A

Urine moves thru the ureters to the bladder

149
Q

Urethra

A

Where urine exits the body

150
Q

Scrotum

A

Where the testes are located, outside the abdomen to keep them cooler

151
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

The tubes inside testes where meiosis takes place and sperm are produced

152
Q

Epididymis

A

A tube where sperm mature after they are produced in the seminiferous tubules

153
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces semen along with the seminal vesicles

154
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process by which an immature ovum matures

155
Q

Polar body

A

The smaller cell that’s produced during oogenesis

156
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

The larger cell that’s produced during oogenesis

157
Q

Morula stage

A

Occurs when the zygote has reached about 16 cells and is approximately 3 days old

158
Q

Blastula stage

A

Begins when the morula arrives in the uterus and the mass of cells forms an outer shell layer with an inner fluid-filled cavity called a blastocyst.

159
Q

Implantation

A

Occurs when the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium

160
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer layer which will form the epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system

161
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle layer which will form the circulatory system, muscles, and bone

162
Q

Endoderm

A

The innermost layer which will form the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems

163
Q

Organogenesis

A

About 2-3 weeks after fertilization, all the embryo’s organs are formed

164
Q

Fetus

A

Week 9

Biology part 4 (1 decks)

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