foundations_of_biomedical_science_20150410032645 Flashcards
What class of drug is Atenolol (Tenormin)?
β-blocker
What class of drug is Captopril (Capoten)?
ACE inhibitor
What class of drug is Irbesartan (Karvea, Avapro)?
Angiotensin-II receptor blocker
What class of drug is Hydrochlorothiazide (Dithiazide)?
Thiazide diuretic
What class of drug is Frusemide (Lasix)?
Loop diuretic
What class of drug is Amiloride (Midamor)?
Potassium-sparing diuretic
What class of drug is Amlodipine (Norvasc)?
Calcium-channel blocker
What class of drug is Verapamil (Isoptin)?
Calcium-channel blocker
What class of drug is Tenecteplase (Metalyse)?
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
What class of drug is Atorvastatin (Lipitor)?
Dyslipidaemia drug – statin
What class of drug is Rosuvastatin (Crestor)?
Dyslipidaemia drug – statin
What class of drug is Ezetimibe (Ezetrol)?
Dyslipidaemia drug
What class of drug is Digoxin (Lanoxin)?
Cardiac glycoside
What class of drug is Dobutamine (Dobutrex)?
Selective β1 adrenoceptor agonist(sympathomimetic)
What class of drug is Lignocaine?
Antidysrrhythmic (Class 1b)
What class of drug is Flecainide (Tambocor)?
Antidysrrhythmic (Class 1c)
What class of drug is Isoprenaline?
Non-selective β-agonist
What class of drug is Amiodarone (Cordarone)?
Antidysrrhythmic (Class 3) - K+ channel inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of Atenolol (Tenormin)?
Competitively blocks β-receptors in heart, peripheral vasculature, bronchi, pancreas, uterus, kidney, brain and liver Specifically in relevance to treatment of hypertension, atenolol slows down the heart rate and reduces workload of the heart by antagonism of β-receptors
What is the mechanism of action of Captopril (Capoten)?
Blocks conversion of angiotensinI to angiotensinII and also inhibits the breakdown of bradykinin.They reduce the effects of angiotensinII-induced sympathetic stimulation, vasoconstriction, sodium retention and aldosterone release
What is the mechanism of action of Irbesartan (Karvea, Avapro)?
Competitively blocks binding of angiotensin II to type1 angiotensin (AT1) receptors, blocking effects of angiotensin more selectively than ACE inhibitorsReduces angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction, sodium reabsorption and aldosterone release.
What is the mechanism of action of Hydrochlorothiazide (Dithiazide)?
Moderately potent diuretic; inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the proximal (diluting) segment of the distal convoluted tubule and produces a corresponding increase in potassium excretion.
What is the mechanism of action of Frusemide (Lasix)?
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.This site accounts for retention of approximately 20% of filtered sodium; therefore, it is a potent diuretic.
What is the mechanism of action of Amiloride (Midamor)?
Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule by blocking sodium channels.This promotes the loss of sodium and water from the body, but without depleting potassium.
What is the mechanism of action of Amlodipine (Norvasc)?
Blocks inward current of calcium into cells in vascular smooth muscle, myocardium and cardiac conducting system via L-type calcium channels.Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CaCB)Acts mainly on arteriolar SM to reduce peripheral vascular resistance and BP. Minimal effect on myocardial cells
What is the mechanism of action of Verapamil (Isoptin)?
Blocks inward current of calcium into cells in vascular smooth muscle, myocardium and cardiac conducting system via L-type calcium channels.Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CaCB)Verapamil has greater cardiac effects, reducing contractility, heart rate and conduction with less effect on vascular smooth muscle
What is the mechanism of action of Tenecteplase (Metalyse)?
Converts plasminogen to plasmin, which catalyses the breakdown of fibrin
What is the mechanism of action of Atorvastatin (Lipitor)?
Competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesisIncreases hepatic cholesterol uptake from blood, reduces concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride (modest), and produces a small increase in HDL concentrations.
What is the mechanism of action of Rosuvastatin (Crestor)?
Competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Increases hepatic cholesterol uptake from blood, reduces concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride (modest), and produces a small increase in HDL concentrations.
What is the mechanism of action of Ezetimibe (Ezetrol)?
Reduces absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol by inhibiting its transport across the intestinal wall.This leads to an increased demand for cholesterol, an increase in LDL uptake and its removal from the plasma.
What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin (Lanoxin)?
Inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase on cardiac myocytes → increased Na+ in cell → decreased Na+/Ca2+ exchange → decreased Ca2+ efflux → increased Ca2+ stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum → more Ca2+ released by each action potential → increased contractility.Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase pump also thought to increase vagal tone → slower AV conduction time → increased diastolic filling time
What is the mechanism of action of Dobutamine (Dobutrex)?
Binding of agonist to β1 adrenoceptor (GPCR) → activation of adenyl cyclase → increased cAMP in cell → conversion of inactive protein kinase into active protein kinase → phosphorylation of calcium channel → increased Ca2+ entry → increased contractility
What is the mechanism of action of Lignocaine?
Reduces automaticity of myocardial tissue with little effect on cardiac conduction.It has a mild negative inotropic effect and weak neuromuscular blocking activity.
What is the mechanism of action of Flecainide (Tambocor)?
Slows cardiac conduction and to a lesser extent, increases refractory period in all myocardial tissues (including bypass tracts) but particularly in the His-Purkinje (ventricular conduction) system.Also has negative inotropic activity.
What is the mechanism of action of Isoprenaline?
Increases cardiac output by its positive chronotropic and inotropic actions.It tends to maintain or increase systolic BP, and decreases diastolic BP by lowering peripheral vascular resistance.It increases automaticity and AV nodal conduction, and usually improves coronary blood flow
What is the mechanism of action of Amiodarone (Cordarone)?
Decreases sinus node and junctional automaticity, slows atrioventricular (AV) and bypass tract conduction and prolongs refractory period of myocardial tissues (atria, ventricles, AV node and bypass tract); also has weak beta-blocker activity.
What are the side effects of Atenolol (Tenormin)?
HypotensionHeart failureNauseaDiarrhoeaBronchospasmDyspnoeaFatigueDizzinessAbnormal visionHypoglycaemia
What are the side effects of Captopril (Capoten)?
HypotensionCoughHyperkalaemiaHeadacheDizzinessFatigueNauseaRenal impairment
What are the side effects of Irbesartan (Karvea, Avapro)?
DizzinessHeadacheHyperkalaemiaFirst dose orthostatic hypotension
What are the side effects of Hydrochlorothiazide (Dithiazide)?
DizzinessWeaknessMuscle crampsPolyuriaOrthostatic hypotensionHyponatraemiaHypokalaemiaHyperuricaemiaHypochloraemic alkalosisHypomagnesaemia
What are the side effects of Frusemide (Lasix)?
HyponatraemiaHypokalaemiaHypomagnesaemiaDehydrationHyperuricaemiaGoutDizzinessOrthostatic hypotensionSyncope
What are the side effects of Amiloride (Midamor)?
HyperkalaemiaHyponatraemia and hypochloraemia (especially when combined with thiazide diuretics)WeaknessHeadacheNauseaVomitingConstipationImpotenceDizzinessMuscle cramps
What are the side effects of Amlodipine (Norvasc)?
Peripheral oedemaRashHeadacheFatigueDizzinessFlushingNauseaAbdominal painBradycardia
What are the side effects of Verapamil (Isoptin)?
BradycardiaConstipationPeripheral oedemaRashHeadacheFatigueDizzinessFlushingNauseaAbdominal pain
What are the side effects of Tenecteplase (Metalyse)?
Bleeding, including bleeding at injection sitesIntra-cerebral bleedingInternal bleeding (eg. GI, genitourinary)
What are the side effects of Atorvastatin (Lipitor)?
MyalgiaMild transient GI symptomsHeadacheInsomniaDizzinessMyopathyRhabdomyolysis