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Intro to Psych > Foundations of Psychological Science > Flashcards

Foundations of Psychological Science Flashcards

1
Q

Commonsense Psychology

A

Beliefs about humans that are often false and lack logical evaluation

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2
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Belief lacking objective evidence, e.g. astrology, phrenology, graphology

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, hypothesis, evidence gathering, theory building

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4
Q

Psychological Research Areas

A

Developmental, forensic, community, environmental, industrial

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5
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

Treats psychological problems and conducts research on therapies and mental disorders; collaborate with psychiatrists, counselors;

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt’s Method

A

Introspection to study conscious experience; Considered the father of psychology; relied on scientific observation

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

Study of sensation and personal experience as basic elements

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8
Q

Gestalt Approach

A

Studies experiences of thinking, learning, personality, and perception as whole units

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9
Q

Functionalist Approach

A

Considers behavior in terms of active adaptations; consciousness is an ever-changing stream of images and sensations

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10
Q

Behaviorist Approach

A

Emphasizes the study of observable actions over the study of the mind; Objective behavior study, reject introspection

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11
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Medical doctor who treats serious mental disorders, often with drugs

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic Approach

A

Emphasize unconscious origins of behavior; Mental life is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires

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13
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

Psychiatrist or psychologist who uses a precise approach to psychotherapy

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14
Q

Counselor

A

Advises and offers practical helping skills to solve problems with marriage, career, school, etc.

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15
Q

Stimulus

A

Physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response

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16
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

Believes actions are controlled by rewards and punishments; rejects introspection and the concept of mind

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17
Q

Psychoanalytic Psychology

A

Mental life is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires

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18
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

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19
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Believes people are inherently good and have potential; focuses on self-actualization

20
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior

21
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Reflection that asks whether a belief can be supported by scientific theory and observation

22
Q

Hypothesis

A

Predicted outcome of an experiment

23
Q

Experimental Variables

A

Independent: Suspected cause for differences in behavior; Dependent: Measure any effect of manipulating the independent variable

24
Q

Random Assignment

A

Subjects placed in experimental or control groups by chance; essential to make cause-and-effect claims

25
Q

Correlational Research

A

Quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated

26
Q

Case Studies

A

In-depth analysis of behavior of one person or small number of people; useful for investigating mental disorders

27
Q

Uncritical Acceptance

A

Tendency to accept beliefs as true without logical reasoning

28
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Unconsciously noticing information that confirms existing expectations

29
Q

Psychologists

A

Highly trained in methods, knowledge, and theories of psychological research

30
Q

Basic Research

A

Seeking knowledge for the sake of knowledge, e.g. understanding how memory works

31
Q

Applied Research

A

Solving immediate practical problems, e.g. improving athletic performance

32
Q

Animal Model

A

A small percentage of psychological studies; principles apply to humans

33
Q

Counseling Psychologist

A

Treats milder problems such as trouble at work or school

34
Q

Gender and Culture Bias

A

Introduced due to participant demographics

35
Q

Goals of Psychology

A

Description, understanding, prediction, control

36
Q

Critical Thinking Principles

A

Logical analysis, skepticism, evidence evaluation

37
Q

Data Types in Psychology

A

Self-report, observational, physiological

38
Q

Experimental Variables

A

Independent, dependent, extraneous

39
Q

Experimental Design

A

Random assignment, control of extraneous variables

40
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Results unlikely by chance, replicable

41
Q

Experiment Problems

A

Participant and researcher bias

42
Q

Nonexperimental Methods

A

Quasi-experiments, lack random assignment

43
Q

Correlational Research

A

Assess degree of association between variables

44
Q

Case Studies

A

Useful for studying rare events

45
Q

Information Literacy

A

Critical evaluation of popular press and social media

Intro to Psych (2 decks)

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