Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychiatry > Foundations of Psychiatry > Flashcards

Foundations of Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main ways psychiatric illnesses are stigmatized?

A
  1. not “real” disorders but are moral/spiritual weakness
  2. “unscientific” because it involves:
    - subjective reporting of symptoms
    - cultural context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the Feighner criteria from DSM3?

A
  1. clinical description of the syndrome
  2. lab studies
  3. delimitation from other disorders
  4. follow-up studies
  5. family studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In DSM4, mental disorders are conceptualized as clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndromes that occur in individuals are are associated with what 3 things?

A
  1. present distress
  2. disability [impairment in area of functioning]
  3. important loss of freedom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

To be diagnosed as a major depressive episode, what criteria must be met?

A

2 weeks with 5 or more of the following symptoms with one of which being ** :

  1. depressed mood *
  2. loss of interest/pleasure *
  3. weight loss or gain
  4. insomnia or hypersomnia
  5. psychomotor agitation or retardation
  6. fatigue and loss of energy
  7. worthlessness or excessive guilt
  8. diminished thinking/concentration
  9. recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation

These must cause clinically significant distress and NOT be due to a substance, other medical condition or other psychological condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

Which is the DSM5 criteria?

A

Reliability- if 2 people see the same patient, they will arrive at the same diagnosis

Validity- actual and differentiated diseases

DSM criteria is reliable, but there is debate over the validity of the criteria due to the heterogeneity of symptoms lists and high rates of comorbid disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 major benefits of the DSM?

What are the 2 major shortcomings?

A

Benefits:

  1. reliability
  2. critical to research
  3. gives clinicians a common language

Shortcomings:

  1. questionable validity due to:
    - comorbid presentations
    - heterogenous symptom lists
  2. created by expert committees
    - personal biases
    - political pressures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the focus of RDoC?

A

Research Domain Criteria [RDoC] aims to relate core psychological processes to biological processes to provide a framework for defining boundaries of psychiatric disorders based on empirical data from:

  1. neuroscience [especially neural circuitry]
  2. genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 domains associated with RDoC?

A
  1. Negative affect
  2. positive affect
  3. cognition
  4. social processes
  5. regulatory systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the negative affect domain.

What are the biologic correlates?

A

Negative affect is fear, distress and aggression.

  1. amygdala and hippocampus –> fear onset
  2. ventromedial prefrontal cortex –> fear response control
  3. circuits connecting to the prefrontal cortex–> extinction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 features associated with positive affect domain?
What are the biologic correlates?

A

Positive affect is reward seeking/gratification, learning, habit forming.

  1. mesolimbic dopamine system
  2. orbital frontal cortex
  3. ventral and dorsal striatum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 4 features are associated with cognition?

What area of the brain is associated with each?

A
  1. attention- parietal areas
  2. perception- thalamic and occipital
  3. memory:
    - working = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
    - long term = hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
  4. executive function - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 main features of social processes?

What areas of the brain are associated with this?

A

Bonding, attachment, parenting and the related separation anxiety, facial recognition, etc.

Vasopressin and oxytocin systems play a role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main features of the regulatory systems domain of RDoC?
What areas of the brain are involved?

A

Arousal, sleep, circadian rhythm.

Reticular activating systems, ventral tegmental area, locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychiatric illnesses arise in the zone where what 3 things intersect?

A
  1. brain biology
  2. internal subjective experience [mind]
  3. cultural context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is explanatory pluralism?

A

A theory by Kenneth Kendler that essentially says that there are an array of organizations which which to investigate a mental phenomena.

Ex. Depression

  1. genes for lack of resilience?
  2. neural circuits that regulate goals and rewards
  3. explanatory level of the mind [memories, regrets, longings, disappointments]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 perspectives of psychiatric illness?

A
  1. Disease paradigm
  2. Dimensions perspective
  3. Behavior
  4. Life story perspective
17
Q

What is the central idea behind the disease paradigm of psychiatric illness?
How would this be diagnosed? Treated?

A

Some critical aspect of an organ systems structure or functioning is “broken”

  1. identify abnormal symptoms
  2. map the pathology
  3. target the etiology for treatment
  4. Treatment = prevention and cure by intervention at the level of the pathology
18
Q

What are the 2 main situations where the disease perspective is a “natural fit”?

A
  1. symptoms are stereotypical and abnormal
    - delusions of gradiosity = mania
    - hallucinations = schizophrenia
    - compulsion to wash hands = OCD
  2. symptoms are already clearly linked to pathology
    - Alzheimer’s dementia w/ amyloid plaques
19
Q

What is the basis of the dimensions perspective for diagnosing psychiatric illness?
What are 2 examples?

A

Traits and qualities of all humans are on a continuum and a disorder is when an individual becomes some distance out of the “normal” range of healthy, functional variation

ex. mental retardation, personality disorders

20
Q

What is the basis of the “behavior” perspective of psychiatric illness?
What are 4 examples?

A

Humans pursue goals based on innate biologic drives [thirst, hunger, sex, attachment].
There is a behavior psychological illness when the goal is:
1. typical goal is craved in excess
2. goal itself is unusual
3 typical goal is pursued through dysfunctional method

Examples would be:

  1. drug addiction
  2. sexual perversion
  3. eating disorders
  4. suicidal activity
21
Q

What is the Life Story perspective?

A

Humans process experiences in the framework of a story to help us explain unexplainable events
Typical story: we want something, we pursue it, it is fulfilled or blocked by external or internal obstacles

Obstacles: surmountable or insurmountable

Insurmountable obstacle –> demoralization–> psychological symptoms [acting out, physical symptoms, troubled relationships]

22
Q

Mental retardation is a clear example of what psychological perspective?

A

Dimensions perspective because it is when a person is 2SD below the mean for a normal trait [intelligence]

23
Q

According to Eysenck’s factor analysis of personality traits, what are the 2 dimensions?

A
  1. introversion-extraversion

2. neuroticism- stability

24
Q

__________ have a quick emotional reaction that focuses on here and now. They are sociable and emotionally responsive.
_________ have slower reactions that focus on implications for future or past. They are shy.

A

Extroverts -quick/here and now

Introverts- slower/past and future

25
Q

A person is very sociable, easy-going, and lively. How would their personality traits be classified?

A

Extrovert-Stable

26
Q

A person is restless, touchy, excitable and impulsive. How would his personality traits be classified?

A

Extrovert- neurotic [unstable]

“Cluster B personality disorder”

27
Q

A person is careful, thoughful and even-tempered. How would the personality traits be classified?

A

Introvert- stable

28
Q

A person is anxious, reserved, and moody. What is the personality trait classification?

A

Introvert- neurotic [unstable]

“Cluster C personality disorder”

29
Q

What is done for people with dimension perspective psychiatric illness?

A

They can’t be treated and cured because it is not an identifiable disease BUT they are provided guidance to improve coping and strengthen the less developed personality traits

30
Q

What psychological perspective characterizes addictions, eating disorders, sexual disorders, and self-injury?

A

Goal-driven behaviors that arise when there is:

  1. physiologic drive [hunger, sex, pain escape] in overdrive
  2. social needs [attachment, attention] in overdrive
31
Q

For behavioral goals, what is the anatomic and physiologic basis?
What other factor plays a role in modulating these goals?

A

mesolimbic dopamine circuits are involved in reward, interest and pursuit.

Learning however, helps people develop the appropriate modulation of goals.

32
Q

In a disease model, we try to cure something the patient “has” but in a behavioral model, what do we try to do?

A

Help the patient stop or reduce something they are doing via:

  1. choice - “choose” treatment and abstinence
  2. habit- avoiding triggers of the behavior, social reinforcement of more + behavior
33
Q

How are Life Story perspective issues treated?

A

If the patients distress is caused by an unworkable, dead-end narrative, we help patients “re-write” the script

Psychiatry (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions