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Foundations of Primary Care > Foundations of Primary Care > Flashcards

Foundations of Primary Care Flashcards

1
Q

Define prevalence

A

the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time

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2
Q

Define incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time

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3
Q

How can a GP help individual patients who are obese?

A
  • act as a role model
  • prescribing
  • tailored advice on diet/exercise
  • referral
  • treat diseases contributing to obesity
  • tackle underlying causes e.g. depression, low self esteem
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4
Q

Give 5 professionals other than GPs who are involved in obesity management/prevention

A
  • community dietician
  • psychologist
  • pharmacist
  • bariatric surgeon - secondary care
  • practise nurse
  • school nurse
  • health visitor
  • midwife
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5
Q

What is statistical normality based on?

A

Based on the normal distribution curve/standard deviation

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6
Q

What is cultural normality based on?

A

Based on the norms and values within a certain group (community)

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7
Q

Give three ways in which obesity might affect an individual?

A
  • psychologically - reduced self-esteem
  • physically - difficult to move/keep fit
  • socially - ostracisation by peers
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8
Q

What is a gatekeeper?

A

a person who controls a patient’s access to secondary/specialist care

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9
Q

Advantages of GPs as gatekeepers

A
  • keeps people out of expensive secondary care
  • continuity of care
  • personal advocacy
  • patient might not know what specialist to go to - ensures correct referral
  • limits exposure to certain investigations e.g. MRI
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10
Q

Disadvantages of GPs as gatekeepers

A
  • patients have less choice in secondary care
  • stress on GP to know every disease/symptom
  • dependent on individual GP knowledge, attitudes, skills
  • referral may be hampered by bad doctor-patient relationship
  • seeing GP may increase the time it takes to see a specialist and receive necessary treatment
  • dissatisfied patient may present incorrectly to A&E or private sector
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11
Q

Categories of hazard

A
  • chemical
  • biological
  • physical
  • mechanical
  • psychological
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12
Q

What are the four ethical principles?

A
  • justice
  • beneficence
  • non-maleficence
  • autonomy
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13
Q

Define culture

A

culture - a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs

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14
Q

Define ethnicity

A

Cultural practices and outlooks that characterise and distinguish a certain group of people; characteristics identifying an ethnic group may include a common language, common customs and beliefs and tradition; term preferred over race

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15
Q

Define race

A

A group of people linked by biological/genetic factors

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16
Q

Give 5 difficulties that may be experienced in consultation due to cultural differences

A
  • lack of knowledge of NHS
  • lack of knowledge about health issues
  • fear/distrust
  • racism
  • bis/ethnocentrism
  • stereotyping
  • ritualistic behaviour
  • language barriers
  • presence of third party e.g. family members
  • differences in perceptions/expectations
  • examination taboos
  • gender difference between doctor and patient
  • religious beliefs
  • difficulty using language line
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17
Q

Aspects of social health you may discuss in a consultation

A
  • sexual health
  • alcohol
  • illicit drugs
  • exercise
  • diet/eating patterns
  • family influence e.g. parental smoking
  • peer pressure to smoke
18
Q

What are the 6 social classes according to the 1911 census?

A
  • professional
  • managerial and technical
  • skilled non-manual
  • skilled manual
  • partly skilled
  • unskilled
19
Q

What might a dietician do in obesity management?

A

Provide individual dietary advice

20
Q

What might a pharmacist do in obesity management?

A

General advice; OTC anti-obesity medication; weight management programmes

21
Q

What might a health visitor do in obesity management?

A

Health education; advice on healthy diet

22
Q

What might a practise nurse do in obesity management?

A

Weight clinics; general dietary advice

23
Q

What might a midwife do in obesity management/prevention?

A

Encourage breast feeding, early dietary advice

24
Q

What are the three models of stress?

A
  • engineering model
  • medico-psychological model
  • psychological or transaction model
25
Q

Describe the engineering model of stress

A
  • stress acts as a stimulus which the individual must resist
  • if the stimulus becomes too intense or prolonged, the individual breaks
26
Q

Give three coping mechanisms used in stressful situations

A
  • problem focused
  • emotion focused
  • combination of problem and emotion focused
27
Q

What are the three kinds of doctor-patient relationship?

A
  • guidance/co-operation
  • authoritarian/paternalistic
  • mutual participation
28
Q

Give four types of questions used in consultation and describe them

A
  • open questions - not seeking any particular answer but simply signals the patient to tell their own story
  • direct questions - asks about a specific item
  • closed questions - can only be answered by yes or no (or equivalent)
  • reflected questions - allows doctor to avoid answering a direct question from the patient/aids doctor in exploring the patient’s own thoughts and perceptions
  • leading questions - presumes the answer, best avoided
29
Q

On average, how many patients are registered with each GP in the NHS in the UK?

A

1200-2000

30
Q

What percentage of primary care cases get referred to secondary care?

A

3%

31
Q

Give five examples of non-verbal communication used in consultation

A
  • listening
  • use of silence
  • posture
  • body language
  • specific gestures
  • facial expressions
  • eye contact
  • layout of room i.e. not placing a desk between you and the patient
  • staying in the room i.e. not leaving to take phone calls
32
Q

Give three lay beliefs

A
  • absence of disease
  • physical fitness
  • functional ability
33
Q

Give 4 factors which affect lay beliefs and describe how they do so

A

Age - older people tend to focus on functional ability while younger people tend to think of health in terms of physical strength and fitness

Social class - people living in different economic and social circumstances regard health as functional

Gender - men and women appear to think about health differently

Culture - different perceptions of illness/disease, differences in concordance with treatment

34
Q

Give four aspects of lifestyle that you might discuss with any patient in a consultation

A
  • smoking
  • diet
  • exercise
  • alcohol
  • illicit drug use
  • sexual health
35
Q

Give two ethical issues regarding pregnancy

A
  • beliefs regarding termination
  • any religious beliefs
  • thoughts regarding bringing a child into the world you don’t feel able to care for
36
Q

Give two psychological issues regarding pregnancy

A
  • anxiety about being a parent
  • anxiety about going through with a termination
  • stress/anxiety about the level of support you will have from family/friends
37
Q

Give two social issues regarding pregnancy

A
  • support network - do you feel your friends would be supportive
  • social life will dramatically change after having a baby
38
Q

Factors which increase the chance of someone changing their behaviour

A
  • think the advantages of change outweigh the disadvantages
  • feel able to carry out the change in a range of circumstances
  • feel that new behaviour is consistent with self-image
  • social pressure to change
  • anticipates a positive response from others to behavioural change
39
Q

Give six factors affecting foetal well-being that you might discuss in a consultation with a pregnant woman

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • illicit drugs
  • prescription drugs
  • OTC medication, herbal and internet remedies
  • x-rays
  • infectious diseases e.g. toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes
40
Q

What is the WHO definition of health?

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Foundations of Primary Care (7 decks)

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