Foundations of Pharmacology Flashcards
Plasma concentration of a drug is influenced by…..
Drug absorption and Drug excretion
Drugs are given by intravenous injection because they….
Have 100% bioavailability
The process of a drug moving from the site of administration to the blood stream is called……
Absorption
If the half-life of drug X is 4 hours and he initial concentration is 100mg/mL what will the concentration be at 6 hours?
37.5mg/mL
The study of drugs in humans is known as…..
Clinical pharmacology
A fall in a clients serum albumin will result in the….
Unbound drug increasing
A drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates it leading to a response is called……
Agonists
A drug may cause
everything except…..
Completely change the
function of a cellA side effect o a drug is…
A secondary drug response,
not the primary reason for
giving that drug
The intensity of the response to a drug is determined predominantly by the…
Concentration of a drug at its site of action
Targets for drug action include….
Enzymes, ion channels and receptors
Most drugs are metabolized by which organs……
Liver - biochemical transformation is the role of the liver, the kidneys major role is excretion of wastes of metabolism, drugs do not get absorbed by the pancreas, it sends out substances (enzymes and hormone to work elsewhere. The stomach has a small amount t of absorption but is not a major site of drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is not affected by which….
Skin colour
The rationale behind the use of sustained-release capsules is to…..
Provide a gradual but continuous release of the drug
An aspirin may be enteric-coated to…
Prevent irritation to the gastric mucosa
Parenteral drug administration elicits a fast response, what is an example of parenteral administration
Intramuscular injection
An oral form of medication where the drug enters circulation prior to being processed by the liver….
Sublingual wafer`
An oral form of medication where the drug enters circulation prior to being processed by the liver….
Sublingual wafer
Drugs given directly into fatty layers beneath the skin are known as
Subcutaneous injections
Ventolin is administered to treat asthma, the drug can be administered via a puffer or aerosol spray. The drug is best given this way because….
To minimize undesired systemic effects
The route most commonly used to administer a drug is….
Oral
An ideal drug should be all - except:
Expensive
The MOST important characteristics of a drug are….
Effectiveness, safety and selectivity
Metabolism and excretion are processes involved in drug elimination…. True or False
True
Virtually every tissue in the body is capable of drug biotransformation (drug metabolism)…. True or False..
True
Elderly individuals tend to be less sensitive to drug response…. True or False
False
The kidney excrete most metabolites of drugs from the body.. True or False…
True
Drug metabolism results in the formation of a less water-soluble compound… True or false..
False
When a drug exerts an effect it does so by initiating new functions within a tissue or organ… True or false
False
Pharmacology can be defined as…
The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
Clinical pharmacology is defined as….
The study of drugs in humans
Therapeutics can be defined as….
The medical use of drugs
A drug is defined as…..
Any chemical that can affect living processes
Drugs are molecules with specific properties that can alter the functions of the bodys…. True or False…
True
Drug nomenclature is a system used to classify drugs…. True or False…
True
What does pharmacokinetics mean?
The movement of drugs inside the body
What is pharmacodynamics?
It is the mechanism whereby the drugs exert their effect on the body
Pharmacokinetics encompasses the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs….
True or False?
True
Pharmacokinetics determines the concentration of drugs in the body as well as time, course, magnitude of their actions…
True or False?
True
Distribution is?
Movement of drug from the blood into the cells
Metabolism is?
Alteration of drug structure mediated by enzymes. This takes place mainly in the the liver.
Excretion is?
Movement of the drug and metabolites out of the body. The main organ for drug excretion is via the kidneys. other routes of drug excretion include via breast milk, bile, saliva, sweat and lungs.
A drug that stimulates and mimics the effects of natural substances in the body are called?
Agonists
A drug that inhibits or blocks receptor activity. (Can be reversible, competitive or irreversible)
Antagonist
A drug mediated response will be more intense if?
More receptors are occupied by the drug
The intensity of the response to a drug is determined predominantly by?
Concentration of a drug at its sites of actions
The dosing interval of a drug will be effected by what?
Half-life
Drug excretion may occur at all sites except…
hair
The rate of drug absorption is influenced by all but what?
Body weight of the individual
The site of dispersal of an enteric coated tablet is?
In` the small intestines
Parenteral drug administration elicits a fast response what is an example of parenteral administration?
Intramuscular Injection
When a drug has a high selectivity it is likely to have/be?
Less adverse effects
The route used to administer suppositories is usually?
Rectally
The prolonged exposure to agonists often results in receptor:
Down regulation
Drugs with a high therapeutic index are relatively safe agents
True or False?
True
Adverse drug reactions are always unpredicted effects
True or False?
False
Adverse drug reactions may be genetically predisposed
True or False?
True
