Foundations of Linguistics

Question 1

1. What is communicative competence?

Answer 1

refers to grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately. The approach pioneered by Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication.

Question 2

2. What are two ways that spoken English differs syntactically from written English?

Answer 2

Spoken English has fewer words and fewer syllables per word.

Question 3

3. What are common phonetic transcriptions of the vowel and consonant sounds in Standard American English using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

Answer 3

[4] there are 107 (sound symbols) letters, 52 diacritics (accents) and four prosodic marks (intonations) in the IPA.

Question 4

4. What are three ways to spell the English phoneme /i/ ?

Answer 4

The long /i/ sound can be spelled with the letter igh (high), the letter y (dry), or the letters ig (sign), a-e words (bribe)

Question 5

5. What kinds of words most frequently occur in a reduced form in natural speech?

Answer 5

Wanna (want to) gonna (going to) hafta (have to)

Question 6

6. What types of utterances have a rising intonation pattern?

Answer 6

Yes or no questions

Question 7

7. If an ELL consistently pronounces [z] as [s], how can a teacher help the student learn to correct the error?

Answer 7

Behind your teeth with the tip of your tongue against the ridge behind your teeth, or further back against your palate. (t, d, s, z, sh, n, l, r) Let students try making the different sounds by moving their tongue tip around.

Question 8

8. Which suffix is best to teach when showing students how to change an adjective to an adverb?

Answer 8

-ly

Question 9

9. What is the root of the word “unbelievable”?

Answer 9

believe

Question 10

10. What five words could a teacher use in a lesson on Greek or Latin roots in a secondary school ESOL class?

Answer 10

Act, ambul, chrono, domin, retro

Question 11

11. How are declarative and interrogative sentences formed in English?

Answer 11

Declarative ends with a period. Interrogative ends with a question mark?

Question 12

12. What is an example of a tag question?

Answer 12

It’s cold, isn’t it? Tag questions turn a statement into a question.

Question 13

13. How does the word “treat” function differently in the following sentences? Let me treat you to dinner versus Ice cream is a special treat.

Answer 13

Transitive verb vs noun

Question 14

14. Why is an indefinite article used in the following sentence? I would like an apple.

Answer 14

The indefinite article “an” is used before the word apple because it starts with a vowel. To refer to a thing being mentioned for the first time.

Question 15

15. In English, which verb tense is used for actions that started in the past and continue up to the present?

Answer 15

Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing)

Question 16

16. What is an idiom? Give some examples.

Answer 16

An idiom is a phrase or expression whose meaning can’t be understood from the ordinary meanings of the words in it. For example,
“Get off my back!” is an idiom meaning “Stop bothering me!” The idiom
“You hit the nail on the head” means “You’re exactly right.”
Cross your fingers - For good luck.
Get cold feet - Be nervous.
Giving the cold shoulder - Ignore someone.
Have a change of heart - Changed your mind.
I’m all ears - You have my full attention.
It cost an arm and a leg - It was expensive.

Question 17

17. What kind of lesson could help ELLs learn common phrasal verbs?

Answer 17

A verb plus one or two participles, maybe an adverb or preposition mixed together,
Hang out , Put down Bring up Call off Hold on Watch out
https://www.teach-this.com/parts-of-speech-activities-worksheets/phrasal-verbs
The phrasal verb silent movie activity Phrasal Verb Jeopardy

Question 18

18. What are three ways that intermediate-level ELLs could expand their repertoire of adjectives?

Answer 18

A useful formula for your students to use when thinking about comparative adjectives is: subject + verb + comparative adjective + than + object.
Encourage your students to memorize the following formula: subject + verb + the + superlative adjective + object. Remind your students that for regular superlative adjectives we add the suffix “-est” to the adjective.
Descriptive adjectives are perhaps some of the most useful adjectives for ESL students to master. These are the adjectives used to describe the size, shape and color of places, people, things and ideas.

Question 19

What is one sound in English that is typically problematic for speakers of each of the following languages?

Answer 19

Arabic P , Spanish TH , and Mandarin R

Question 20

20. How does word order in English compare with word order in a language other than English that you know?

Answer 20

In Spanish Subject + Verb + Object ; in Arabic Verb-subject-object; in Korean subject-object-verb

Question 21

21. What is the function of English in a multilingual society? Give a specific example of its use in one such society.

Answer 21

English serves as a medium of communication between the centre and the states. It serves as a bridge between the multi linguistic society. English language keeps the persons updated to the world news. It gives opportunity in research field. An understanding of English and multilingualism is especially important in an age of increased and rapidly growing international migration Lengua franca opens a lot of opportunities for business. Singapore