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Praxis ESOL 5362 > Foundations Of Linguistics > Flashcards

Foundations Of Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of individual sounds in spoken languages

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The study of how individual sounds are combined into specific patterns

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3
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the internal of words

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4
Q

Syntax

A

The study of how words group together to make sentences

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5
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meanings of words and sentences

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6
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of meanings of words and sentences in a larger social context

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7
Q

IPA

A

A standardized system for representing speech sounds with symbols

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8
Q

Vowel inventory

A

The number of distinct vowel sounds in a particular language

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9
Q

Intonation

A

The use of pitch to convey meaning across a sentence

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10
Q

Phone

A

Any distinct speech sound, regardless of whether it has meaning in a particular language. Represented in square brackets.

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11
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that can differentiate meaning in a specific language.represented in lashes

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12
Q

Allophone

A

Variations of a single phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word

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13
Q

Aspiration

A

A puff of air that accompanies the pronunciation of certain consonants like in “team”

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14
Q

Voiceless stops

A

Consonants produced without vibrating, the vocal cords, such as/P/,/T/and/K/

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

A phonological process where a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound for ease of pronunciation (ex. Inpatient becomes iMpatient)

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16
Q

Dissimilation

A

A phonological process were a sound becomes less like a neighboring sound to make speech clearer or more distinct (ex. Water and “wader”)

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17
Q

Insertion (Epenthesis)

A

Adding an extra sound to a word to make it easier to pronounce

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18
Q

Deletion (Elision)

A

Omitting a sound from a word often for brevity

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19
Q

Metathesis

A

Switching of sounds within a word (ask becomes aks)

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20
Q

Retroflex

A

A sound produced by curling the tongue back towards the roof of the mouth

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21
Q

Allophonic Rule

A

A linguistic rule, describing when and where allophones of a phoneme occur within a language

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22
Q

Word boundary (#Mark)

A

A notation used in phonological rules to indicate the beginning or end of a word

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23
Q

Syllable

A

A unit of organization for sounds within a word typically containing a vowel sound

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24
Q

Contraction

A

A form of deletion were sounds are omitted to shorten a word or phrase

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25
Q

Natural classes

A

Groups of sounds that share certain features like voiceless stops

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26
Q

Reflexivity

A

The ability to use language to talk about language itself

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27
Q

Duality of patterning

A

The idea that language exist at two levels: individual forms (like sounds) and their combinations to create meaning

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28
Q

Linguistics

A

The study of language and its structure

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29
Q

Consonants

A

Speech sounds made by closing the vocal tract in someway

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30
Q

Vowels

A

Speech sounds made by changing the shape of the vocal tract, but leaving it open

31
Q

Pulmonic consonants

A

Continents made with airflow to ghe lungs

32
Q

Non-pulmonic consonant

A

Consonants produced without lung air flow such as clicks, ejectives and implosive

33
Q

Co-articulated consonant

A

Sounds produced with constrictions in two places in the vocal tract

34
Q

Engma

A

A velar nasal sound as in sing or hunger

35
Q

Word

A

A basic unit of meaning in language typically consisting of one or more morphemes

36
Q

Lexeme

A

A unit of meaning in a language similar to a dictionary entry

37
Q

Lexicon

A

A language is complete set of Lexemes, essentially its dictionary

38
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

39
Q

Free morpheme

A

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word

40
Q

Bound morpheme

A

A morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be attached to a free morpheme

41
Q

Compound

A

A word formed by combining two or more free morphemes

42
Q

Affix

A

A morpheme that attaches to a route or base word to change its meaning

43
Q

Prefix

A

An affix that attaches to the beginning of a word

44
Q

Suffix

A

An affix that attaches to the end of a word

45
Q

Infix

A

And affix inserted into the middle of a word

46
Q

Circumfix

A

An affix that attaches to both the beginning and end of a word

47
Q

Fusional morphology

A

A type of morphology where a single affix expresses multiple grammatical meanings

48
Q

Suppletion

A

A process where an entirely different form of a word is used instead of a regular morphological transformation (ex. Go and went rather than go and had gone)

49
Q

Root

A

The core part of a word that carries the primary meaning

50
Q

Stem

A

The base form of a word often with one or more morphemes attached to it

51
Q

Inflection

A

The process of modifying a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, number, gender, or case.

52
Q

Metamorphosis

A

The transformation or modification of words in linguistics

53
Q

Vowel Alteration

A

A change in the vowels of a root to convey grammatical meaning (EX. Foot to feet or sing to sang).

54
Q

Compound Noun

A

A noun made by combining two or more nouns

55
Q

Subject

A

The part of a sentence that performs the action or is described

56
Q

Verb

A

A word that describes an action occurrence or state of being

57
Q

Object

A

The entity that is acted upon in a sentence

58
Q

Word Order

A

The sequence in which words are arranged to form sentences in a language (EX. SOV, SVO, VSO).

59
Q

Constituent

A

A closely related subgroup of words that form a part of a sentence

60
Q

Cleft Construction

A

A sentence structure used to emphasize a particular part of a sentence (EX. “It’s Taylor, who sees the rabbit “)

61
Q

Substitution Test

A

A method to identify constituents by replacing a group of words with a single word or phrase

62
Q

Predicate

A

The part of a sentence or clause that expresses an action or state of being

63
Q

Recursive

A

A property of language where structures can be embedded within similar structures indefinitely

64
Q

Preposition

A

A word that shows the relationship of a noun phrase to the rest of the sentences ( EX. “On, “”with, “”inside “)

65
Q

Head

A

The central or most important word in a phrase, which determines the grammatical category and meaning of the entire phrase.

66
Q

Adjective

A

A word that modifies a noun by describing a quality or characteristic

67
Q

Adverb

A

A word that modifies a verb adjective or other adverb, often indicating manner time or degree

68
Q

Pronoun

A

A word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase

69
Q

Hyponym

A

A specific term within a broader category (EX. Red as a type of color)

70
Q

Hypernym

A

A general term that includes more specific terms (EX. Animal is a category for rabbit.)

71
Q

Semantic Space

A

How different languages organized and categorize meaning

72
Q

Polysemy

A

A single word having multiple meanings (EX. Bank as a river bank or a financial institution.)

73
Q

Content words

A

Words with clearer meanings that can be described or visualized (X. Happiness)

74
Q

Function words

A

Words that serve grammatical purposes rather than carrying specific meanings (EX. The, of)

Praxis ESOL 5362 (3 decks)

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