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Praxis ESOL 5362 > Foundations Of Linguistics > Flashcards

Foundations Of Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of individual sounds in spoken languages

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The study of how individual sounds are combined into specific patterns

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3
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the internal of words

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4
Q

Syntax

A

The study of how words group together to make sentences

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5
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meanings of words and sentences

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6
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of meanings of words and sentences in a larger social context

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7
Q

IPA

A

A standardized system for representing speech sounds with symbols

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8
Q

Vowel inventory

A

The number of distinct vowel sounds in a particular language

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9
Q

Intonation

A

The use of pitch to convey meaning across a sentence

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10
Q

Phone

A

Any distinct speech sound, regardless of whether it has meaning in a particular language. Represented in square brackets.

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11
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that can differentiate meaning in a specific language.represented in lashes

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12
Q

Allophone

A

Variations of a single phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word

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13
Q

Aspiration

A

A puff of air that accompanies the pronunciation of certain consonants like in “team”

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14
Q

Voiceless stops

A

Consonants produced without vibrating, the vocal cords, such as/P/,/T/and/K/

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

A phonological process where a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound for ease of pronunciation (ex. Inpatient becomes iMpatient)

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16
Q

Dissimilation

A

A phonological process were a sound becomes less like a neighboring sound to make speech clearer or more distinct (ex. Water and “wader”)

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17
Q

Insertion (Epenthesis)

A

Adding an extra sound to a word to make it easier to pronounce

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18
Q

Deletion (Elision)

A

Omitting a sound from a word often for brevity

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19
Q

Metathesis

A

Switching of sounds within a word (ask becomes aks)

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20
Q

Retroflex

A

A sound produced by curling the tongue back towards the roof of the mouth

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21
Q

Allophonic Rule

A

A linguistic rule, describing when and where allophones of a phoneme occur within a language

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22
Q

Word boundary (#Mark)

A

A notation used in phonological rules to indicate the beginning or end of a word

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23
Q

Syllable

A

A unit of organization for sounds within a word typically containing a vowel sound

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24
Q

Contraction

A

A form of deletion were sounds are omitted to shorten a word or phrase

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25
Natural classes
Groups of sounds that share certain features like voiceless stops
26
Reflexivity
The ability to use language to talk about language itself
27
Duality of patterning
The idea that language exist at two levels: individual forms (like sounds) and their combinations to create meaning
28
Linguistics
The study of language and its structure
29
Consonants
Speech sounds made by closing the vocal tract in someway
30
Vowels
Speech sounds made by changing the shape of the vocal tract, but leaving it open
31
Pulmonic consonants
Continents made with airflow to ghe lungs
32
Non-pulmonic consonant
Consonants produced without lung air flow such as clicks, ejectives and implosive
33
Co-articulated consonant
Sounds produced with constrictions in two places in the vocal tract
34
Engma
A velar nasal sound as in sing or hunger
35
Word
A basic unit of meaning in language typically consisting of one or more morphemes
36
Lexeme
A unit of meaning in a language similar to a dictionary entry
37
Lexicon
A language is complete set of Lexemes, essentially its dictionary
38
Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in a language
39
Free morpheme
A morpheme that can stand alone as a word
40
Bound morpheme
A morpheme that cannot stand alone and must be attached to a free morpheme
41
Compound
A word formed by combining two or more free morphemes
42
Affix
A morpheme that attaches to a route or base word to change its meaning
43
Prefix
An affix that attaches to the beginning of a word
44
Suffix
An affix that attaches to the end of a word
45
Infix
And affix inserted into the middle of a word
46
Circumfix
An affix that attaches to both the beginning and end of a word
47
Fusional morphology
A type of morphology where a single affix expresses multiple grammatical meanings
48
Suppletion
A process where an entirely different form of a word is used instead of a regular morphological transformation (ex. Go and went rather than go and had gone)
49
Root
The core part of a word that carries the primary meaning
50
Stem
The base form of a word often with one or more morphemes attached to it
51
Inflection
The process of modifying a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, number, gender, or case.
52
Metamorphosis
The transformation or modification of words in linguistics
53
Vowel Alteration
A change in the vowels of a root to convey grammatical meaning (EX. Foot to feet or sing to sang).
54
Compound Noun
A noun made by combining two or more nouns
55
Subject
The part of a sentence that performs the action or is described
56
Verb
A word that describes an action occurrence or state of being
57
Object
The entity that is acted upon in a sentence
58
Word Order
The sequence in which words are arranged to form sentences in a language (EX. SOV, SVO, VSO).
59
Constituent
A closely related subgroup of words that form a part of a sentence
60
Cleft Construction
A sentence structure used to emphasize a particular part of a sentence (EX. “It’s Taylor, who sees the rabbit “)
61
Substitution Test
A method to identify constituents by replacing a group of words with a single word or phrase
62
Predicate
The part of a sentence or clause that expresses an action or state of being
63
Recursive
A property of language where structures can be embedded within similar structures indefinitely
64
Preposition
A word that shows the relationship of a noun phrase to the rest of the sentences ( EX. “On, “”with, “”inside “)
65
Head
The central or most important word in a phrase, which determines the grammatical category and meaning of the entire phrase.
66
Adjective
A word that modifies a noun by describing a quality or characteristic
67
Adverb
A word that modifies a verb adjective or other adverb, often indicating manner time or degree
68
Pronoun
A word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase
69
Hyponym
A specific term within a broader category (EX. Red as a type of color)
70
Hypernym
A general term that includes more specific terms (EX. Animal is a category for rabbit.)
71
Semantic Space
How different languages organized and categorize meaning
72
Polysemy
A single word having multiple meanings (EX. Bank as a river bank or a financial institution.)
73
Content words
Words with clearer meanings that can be described or visualized (X. Happiness)
74
Function words
Words that serve grammatical purposes rather than carrying specific meanings (EX. The, of)

Praxis ESOL 5362 (3 decks)

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