Foundations Of Linguistics Flashcards
Phonetics
语音学 is the study of the production of sounds in speech
Phonology
音韵学 the sounds and patterns of particular languages
Intonation
语调 the way the voice rises and falls in speech
Stress
重音 emphasis placed on syllables or words
Morpheme
词素 the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Morphology
词法 the study of how morphemes are combined to make words. Is the study of word forms and their component parts.
Syntax
句法 examines how words are constructed into phrases or sentences
Semantics
语义 the study of meaning in language
Voiced
重音 sounds are made by vibrating the vocal chords
Voiceless
清音 sounds are made without vibrating the vocal chords
Place of articulation
发音部位
Libial
唇音
nasalization
鼻音
Aspiration
送气音
Assimilation
同化 occurs when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
Diphthong
双元音
Consonant clusters
辅音簇 group of two or more consonants
Epenthesis
插入语 inserting an additional sound in the middle of a word
Voicing
浊化 occurs when a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant because of nearby sounds
Elision
省略 occurs when sounds are omitted from the pronunciation of a word,makes the words easier to use in everyday speech. Mac and cheese
Metathesis
复分解 occurs when sounds are rearranged in a word, as when iron is pronounced iern
Bound morpheme
Must be attached to a word to have meaning. Such as er in player.
Free morpheme
Can stand on its own. Like play in player.
Stem/root
Is a base word, often a free morpheme, to which other morphemes can be added.
Affix
Is a bond morpheme that can be added to a root word to change its meaning, grammatical function, tense, case, or gender.
Inflection morphemes
屈折词素 are bound morphemes that don’t greatly alter the meaning or part of speech of a word
Derivational morphemes
派生词素 crest a word that has a new meaning or part of speech
Syntax
句法 how words are arranged into phrases and sentences
Semantics
语义 the study of meaning in language, looks at how words are put together to creat meaning.
Connotation
内涵 is the emotional association of a word
Denotation
意义 is a word’s actual dictionary definition
Interference/ Negative transfer
Occurs when language learners incorrectly apply the rules of their native language to the rules of the language they are learning
Pragmatics
语用学 the context of the situation and the relationship between speaker and listener lend additional, significant meaning to the words and phrases.
Sociolinguistic
社会语言学 the study of language and its relation to society and culture, is significant because of its influence on language policy
Language policy
Is the set of actions a government takes to regulate what language(s) is/are spoken in the given country
Pidgin
When people of two or more languages groups need to communicate, they might develop a pidgin language, a grammatically simplified mode of communicating that uses elements of both languages.
Linguistic competence
Refers to one’s knowledge of the linguistic components of a language such as morphology, syntax, and semantics
Sociolinguistic competence
Using language in a socially appropriate way and understanding register: degrees of formality, differences in sitting, consideration of context and so on.
Strategic competence
Deals with recognizing and repairing communication breakdowns
Basic interpersonal communication skills(BICS)
Are social skills students use in everyday life
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP )
Language needed for academic work and study
Proper noun
专有名词 is the name of a specific person, place, or thing.
Improper noun
非专有名词 is a general person, place, thing,or idea such as writer, lake,dock, or fear.
Compound noun
A noun formed from more than one word is a compound noun
Pronouns
代词
Antecedent
先行词
subject pronouns
主格代词 I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object pronouns
宾格代词 me,you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive pronouns
所有格代词 mine, yours, his, hers, it’s, ours, theirs
Relative pronouns
关系代词 who, whom, which, that, whose
Interrogative pronouns
疑问代词 who, whom,what, where, when, which, why, how
Demonstrative pronouns
指示代词 this, these, those, that
Indefinite pronouns
不定代词
Helping verbs
助动词 are used to indicate tense
Conjugation
The process of changing the spelling of a verb and / or adding helping verbs.
Tense, person( first, second, third)
Number ( singular or plural)
Infinitive
不定式
regular verbs
规则动词
Irregular verbs
不规则动词
active voice
主动语态 Alexis played tennis
Passive voice
被动语态 tennis was played
Transitive verbs
及物动词 require a direct object
Intransitive verbs
不及物动词 don’t require a direct object
Preposition
介词
conjunctions
连词 are short words that connect words, phrases, or sentences.
Coordinating conjunctions
并列连词 and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet
Two independent clauses can be joined with a comma plus a conjunction as in We ate juicy apples, and we peeled a dozen oranges.
Correlative conjunctions
相关连词 whether/or, either/or, both/and,not only/ but also
Subordinating conjunctions
从属连词 join dependent clause( typically adverbial clauses) to the independent clauses to which they are related. ( Because we love pizza, we treat ourselves during football season to serve orders. )
Interjections
感叹词
Determiners
限定词 a, an, the
Indefinite articles
不定冠词 A, an
-es in their plural form
S,x, z, ch, sh
Count nouns
可数名词
noncount
不可数名词
gerunds
动名词 are nouns that are formed by adding-ing to verb ( fishing)
Predicate
谓语
prepositional phrase
介词短语 begin with a preposition and ends with an object of the preposition
Verb phrase
Is composed of the main verb along with its helping verbs
The chef would have created another dish.
Noun phrase
Consists of a noun and it’s modifier
The big, red barn rests beside the vacant chicken house
Simple sentence
Will have only one independent clause and no dependent clause.
Compound sentence
复合句 Has two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses
complex sentence
Has only one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences
Has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
Apostrophes
撇号 are used to show possession
Quotation mark
引号
