foundations of life Flashcards
living things are?
- complex
- able to reproduce
- evolve
- change due to environment
non living things?
- non complex
- not able to reproduce
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created from nothing nor destroyed
eg. playing pool and making the ball transfer its kinetic energy to move
2nd law of thermodynamics
the state of entropy always increasing and energy is transferable and transformed (more is wasted)
eg. a hot item in contact with a cold item, the hot object will cool down while the cold object heats up
2nd law of thermodynamics- what does it do?
the entropy dictates sheathed the reaction will be spontaneous (change of en > 0, the reaction is spontaneous)
3rd law of thermodynamics
the entropy of a system at absolute zero (0k or -273dc) is typically zero
eg of 3rd law of thermodynamics
eg. steam/vapours of water are the gaseous forms of water at high temperatures as the molecules within steam are randomly moving (having a high entropy)
gibbs free energy
max amount of energy of a substance that can do work in a reaction when the temp and pressure are kept constant
- lower g are more stable
therefore gibbs
change g < 0(or neg) — a spontaneous reaction is expected
change g > 0(or pos) — a reaction will not be spontaneous
change g = 0 — a reaction is in a state of equilibrium
what is cell theory
all organisms are made up of one or more cell
fundamental unit of life
cells come from pre-existing cells
nucleus acids store and transmit information
- dna stores and helps transmit info needed by cell
dna double helix protects the info during replication
central dogma of gene expression
- genes in dna code the information necessary to produce a functional product (protein)
- dna is transcribed into an rna message
- the rna message can then be translated into a protein
in which examples is the e trophy definitely increasing?
a. photosynthesis
b. making a house of playing cards
c. melting ice in a glass of soda
d. placing marbles in a row
b!
what is a hypothesis ?
a. the same this as an unproven theory
b. a tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments
c. a verifiable observation
d. an experiment that leads to a prediction
e. none of the other answers are right
b!
a retrovirus hijacks a cells machinery to turn its own rna into dna, which is then inserted into the cells genome so that viral proteins can be made. does this follow the central dogma?
a. yes
b. no
b!
changes and variations
variations can be caused by genetic or environmental changes
genetic mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation that can be transferred from one generation to the next
epigenetic: control of gene expression by environmental
changes can be caused by exposure to metals: air pollution, tobacco, smoke
the tree of life
3 domains of life
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
common ancestor domains of life
bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic (lacks nucleus)
eukarya includes nucleus
