Foundations of Language Learning

Question 1

Language used in school for teaching & learning subjects such as math, science, language arts & history.
Precise, clear & complete.
Requires higher order thinking processes such as predicting, evaluating, & comparing

Answer 1

Academic Language

Question 2

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills. ELs develop in about 2-3 years

Answer 2

BICS

Question 3

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency. ELs develop in 5-7 years

Answer 3

CALP

Question 4

Jim Cummins- BICS & CALP

Question 5

Deliberately changing from one manner of style of speaking to another. People often consciously & deliberately consider the social meaning of their speech when they change from one manner of speaking to another, according to their circumstances in order to give an appropriate impression .

Answer 5

Code-Switching

Question 6

Concepts & cognitive processes underlying first language use are available for use in the second language

Answer 6

CUP Common Underlying Proficiency- Cummins

Question 7

Unified core of cognitive-linguistic knowledge.
Explains how knowledge developed in one language becomes available for use in the language learned later.

Answer 7

Transfer
Beneficial (positive)- when language share similar rules
Negative- Spanish literate students need explicit help on the vowel sounds & various spellings in English

Question 8

Children who learn more than one language from earliest childhood

Answer 8

Simultaneous Bilinguals

Question 9

Those who learn another language later

Answer 9

Sequential Bilinguals

Question 10

Second language learners develop interim linguistic systems that exhibit their own evolving rules & patterns

Answer 10

Interlanguage

Question 11

Interlanguages exhibit identifiable rules & patterns

Answer 11

Systematic

Question 12

Gradually grow over time to look more like the target lanaguage

Answer 12

Dynamic

Question 13

Some features in a learner’s language seem to stop changing

Answer 13

Fossilization

Question 14

Researchers identify ___ for each morpheme, that is, the places in a sentence where the morpheme is necessary to make the sentence grammatically correct.

Answer 14

Obligatory Contexts

Question 15

Reflects the apparent ease with which learners have access to certain structures in the target language.

Answer 15

Accessibility Hierarchy

Question 16

The patterns that we learn can also have an impact on the way we use & understand the language(s) that we learned earlier.
Current views of second language emphasize the interaction between the first language, cognitive processes, & the sample of the target language that learners encounter in the input

Answer 16

Cross Linguistic Influence

Question 17

Actual speech sound produced by the vocal tract that is perceived as an individual & unique sound, different from other such sounds.

Answer 17

Phone or Phonetic Unit or Segment

Question 18

Perceived unit of language that signals a difference in meaning when contrasted to another phoneme

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

Variation of a phoneme.
Different variations occur in different & predictable phonetic environments.

Answer 19

Allophone

Question 20

Refers to units that contrast; that is, change meaning when substituted for each other.

Answer 20

Distinctive

Question 21

Study done by a cultural outsider using categories & concepts that might not have meaning to the people being studied

Answer 21

Etic

Question 22

Refers to categories & concepts that have meaning to the people being studied.
Attempts to discover what things have meaning to the people being studied

Answer 22

Emic

Question 23

The way a language is spelled.
The way the letters are written

Answer 23

Orthography

Question 24

Foreign language reading & spelling will be influence by the similarities & differences between the orthography of the L1 & L2 & by how deep or shallow the target language’s writing system is.

Answer 24

Orthographic Dependent Hypothesis