Foundations of geology, Lecture 2

Question 1

Principle of uniformitarianism

Answer 1

Present day geologic processes have operated throughout geological time.

Question 2

Three classifications of rocks

Answer 2

igneous,
sedimentary,
metamorphic,

Question 3

Igneous rocks

Answer 3

Form by cooling and solidification of molten rock.

Question 4

Sedimentary rocks

Answer 4

Form by hardening and cementation of layers of sediment deposited at the Earth’s surface.

Question 5

Metamorphic rocks

Answer 5

Form from pre-existing rocks by transformations in the solid state under intense heat and pressure.

Question 6

Two categories of igneous rocks

Answer 6

intrusive,

extrusive

Question 7

Intrusive igneous rocks

Answer 7

Magma intrudes into unmelted rock and cools slowly (Grotzinger & Jordan, 2020).
(plutonic - don’t come to the surface)

Question 8

Are intrusive igenous rocks coarse or fine grained?

Answer 8

coarse grained

Question 9

Example of an intrusive igneous rock?

Answer 9

granite

Question 10

How to recognise intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 10

their large, interlocking crystals

Question 11

Extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 11

Form when magma erupts at the surface and cools rapidly (Grotzinger & Jordan, 2020).

Question 12

Are extrusive igenous rocks coarse or fine grained?

Answer 12

fine grained

Question 13

Example of an extrusive igneous rock?

Answer 13

Basalt

Question 14

What do different colours in rocks represent?

Answer 14

different minerals

Question 15

Examples of sedimentary rocks

5

Answer 15

sandstone
claystone
mudstone
chalk
limestone

Question 16

Examples of metamorphic rocks

3

Answer 16

slate
marble
gneiss