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EXSS1010 > Foundations of Exercise & Sport Science > Flashcards

Foundations of Exercise & Sport Science Flashcards

1
Q

List the major families of sensory receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors (physical force)
  • Thermorecpetors (temperature)
  • Nociceptors (pain)
  • Photoreceptors (light)
  • Chemoreceptors (chemical stimuli)
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2
Q

What is the role of the afferent nerves?

A

To transmit information from the periphery to the brain

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3
Q

What is the role of the efferent nerves?

A

To transmit information from the brain to the periphery

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4
Q

Efferent nerves are divided into which two categories?

A

Autonomic & Somatic

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5
Q

What is the role of the autonomic system?

A

It regulates visceral activity within the body

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6
Q

What is the role of the somatic system?

A

It stimulates skeletal activity

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7
Q

The autonomic system can again be divided into which two categories?

A

Parasympathetic & sympathetic

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8
Q

List the 3 major regions of a neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
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9
Q

Define gross energy expenditure

A

The total energy cost to perform an activity

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10
Q

What does MET stand for?

A

Metabolic equivalent

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11
Q

Define MET

A

A measure of the level of energy needed to complete a task

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12
Q

Define force

A

Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object

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13
Q

Define work

A

The product of force and distance

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14
Q

How can energy expenditure be measured in humans?

A

Equations that take into account activity levels, intensity of activity and inherent body factors
Or calculating calorimerty

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15
Q

BMR & RMR are affected by what factors?

A
  • Body size
  • Age
  • Stress/ Hormones
  • Muscle mass
  • Health status
  • Body temp
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16
Q

Define Basil Metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The minimum level of energy needed to sustain vital functions in the wake state

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17
Q

1 MET =

A

3.5 ml/kg/min

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18
Q

What percentage range represents how mechanically efficient humans are?

A

18-26%

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19
Q

Explain the influence exercise duration and intensity have on energy systems

A

As intensity of exercise increases, the source of energy, therefore energy system shifts from ATP to muscle glycogen to oxygen

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20
Q

What factors and at what rates influence daily energy expenditure?

A

Resting metabolic rate (60-75%)
Thermogenic effects of food (10%)
Energy expenditure during and after physical activity (15-30%)

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21
Q

Define power

A

How much work is done per unit of time

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22
Q

Define bioenergenics

A

The flow and exchange of energy within a living system

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23
Q

List forms of kinetic energy

A
  • Mechanical
  • Thermal
  • Electrical
  • Radient
  • Sound
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24
Q

List forms of potential energy

A
  • Gravitaional
  • Nuclear
  • Elastic
  • Chemical
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25
Q

Define chemical energy

A

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

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26
Q

Define nuclear energy

A

Energy stored in an atoms nuceli

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27
Q

Define gravitational energy

A

Energy stored in an objects height

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28
Q

Explain net efficiency

A

The percentage of how mechanically efficient something is.

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29
Q

How is net efficiency calculated?

A

Through a ratio of muscle power & metabolic energy expenditure

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30
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

The energy produced by movement

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31
Q

What enzyme catalyses the breakdown of ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphatase

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32
Q

Define energy

A

The ability to do work

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33
Q

What type of relationship does energy and work have?

A

Linear relationship

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34
Q

What factors influence enzyme kinetics?

A

pH and temperature

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35
Q

Explain the concept of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, rather transferred from one form to another without being depleated

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36
Q

How is energy stored within the body?

A

Energy is stored in the macro nutrients as potential energy

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37
Q

How is energy released in the body?

A

Energy is released when ATP phosphates are broken

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38
Q

Define elastic energy

A

Energy stored in elastic objects

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39
Q

What makes up the total energy of a system?

A

Potential energy + kinetic energy

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40
Q

How much energy is expended per litre of O2?

A

5 kcal

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41
Q

How long does it take for VO2 to reach a steady state?

A

2-3 minutes

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42
Q

What does VO2 measure?

A

The volume of inspired and expired air per minute

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43
Q

Define net energy expenditure

A

The true energy expenditure of an activity

44
Q

What does mechanical efficiency refer to?

A

The percentage of total chemical energy expended that contributes to external work

45
Q

Economy of movement is influenced by what factors?

A
  • Physical fitness levels
  • Type of activity
  • Environmental conditions
46
Q

Mechanical efficiency for humans averages what percentage?

A

20-25%

47
Q

What factors affect energy expenditure during walking?

A
  • Body mass
  • Age
  • Terrain
  • Downhill walking
  • Footwear
48
Q

Why is walking on sand harder?

A

Because there is more energy distribution on contact with the surface, therefore less transfer of energy back up

49
Q

List 3 ways in which running speed can be increased

A
  • Increasing stride length
  • Increasing stride frequency
  • Increasing both
50
Q

The effect of air resistance on energy expenditure varies with what?

A
  • Air density
  • Runners projected surface area
  • Square of running velocity
51
Q

Energy expenditure during swimming is up to how much more/less than running the same distance?

A

4 times more

52
Q

Define exercise efficiency

A

Energy required to maintain a constant velocity of movement

53
Q

List the influencing factors to energy expenditure during swimming

A
  • Fluid medium
  • Temperature
  • Shape, size & sex
  • Swimsuit variations
  • Velocity
54
Q

List the structure of a research article

A
  • Preliminary information
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Appendix
55
Q

What is being measured by direct calorimetry?

A

Heat production

56
Q

What is a P-value?

A

The probability of an observed result that a null hypothesis is true

57
Q

Define nominal data

A

Data classified by some aspect or property, for which there is no hierarchy of scores

58
Q

Define ordinal data

A

It has the ability to rank order without commenting on unit of measurement

59
Q

Define interval data

A

Data that has known and equal distances between score units. It does not have a random zero point

60
Q

Define ratio data

A

Similar to interval data, but does have a true zero point

61
Q

Define standard deviation

A

The amount that all the scores differ from the mean

62
Q

What is variance?

A

The square of the standard deviation

63
Q

Define Mean

A

The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

64
Q

Define mode

A

The most frequently appearing number

65
Q

Define median

A

The middle score

66
Q

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

A

To evaluate the null hypothesis at a specified level of significance

67
Q

How is inferential statistics used?

A

By testing the influence of an independent variable on a dependent variable

68
Q

What are T-tests used for?

A

Comparing the means of two data sets

69
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

It is responsible for neural impulse development

70
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

They receive neural impulses and send them towards the cell body

71
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

They send the neural impulses

72
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

They use electrical signals for communication within the nervous system in response to stimuli

73
Q

List the structure of a skeletal muscle

A 
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Sarcolemma
Satellite cells
Sarcoplasm
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibrils
Sarcomeres
74
Q

What factors influence muscle architecture?

A
  • Fascicle arrangement
  • Fiber type
  • Direction of fibers
75
Q

What are the two basic formations of muscle?

A
  • Fusiform

- Pennate

76
Q

What factors influence muscle contraction and force production?

A
  • Type of muscle contraction (dynamic/static)
  • No. motor units/muscle size
  • Frequency of motor unit stimulation
  • Length-tension relationship
  • Speed of contraction
77
Q

What are the main circulatory elements of the heart?

A
  • The pump (heart)
  • Channels (blood vessels)
  • Fluid medium (blood)
78
Q

How much blood does the heart pump each beat?

A

55-80ml

79
Q

What is the function of the right and left atria?

A

They are the receiving chambers

80
Q

What is the function of the right and left ventricles?

A

They are the pumping chambers

81
Q

The right side of the heart receives blood from? And sends it to?

A

The body, the lungs

82
Q

The left side of the heart receives blood from? And send blood to?

A

The lung, the body

83
Q

Explain the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow

A

Restricted blood flow has the ability to increase blood pressure, making the heart work harder

84
Q

What does cardiac output reflect?

A

The functional capacity of the cardiovascular system by measuring the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

85
Q

Define stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped per heart contraction

86
Q

How does cardiac output respond to exercise?

A

During steady state exercise it will increase then plateau when blood supply meets metabolic demands

87
Q

How does stroke volume respond to exercise?

A

It increases by 40-60% with work intensity

88
Q

External ventilation refers to?

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation

- Pulmonary diffusion

89
Q

Internal ventilation refers to?

A
  • Transport via blood

- Capillary diffusion

90
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The exchanging of ambient air with air in the lungs

91
Q

Define pulmonary diffusion

A

Diffusion of gases that occurs at the aveoli

92
Q

What factors influence pulmonary diffusion?

A
  • Tissue surface area
  • A diffusion constant
  • Pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
93
Q

List basic spirometry measures

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Vital capacity
  • Residual volume
  • Total lung capacity
94
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The amount of air entering and leaving the lungs with each normal breath

95
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The greatest amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration

96
Q

Define residual capacity

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

97
Q

Define residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

98
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

The sum of the vital capacity and residual volume

99
Q

What factors influence ventilation?

A
  • Maximum forced vital capacity
  • Breathing rate
  • Airway obstruction
  • Pulmonary airflow capacity
100
Q

What intrinsic mechanisms regulate the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibers

101
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A

Initiates contraction signal

102
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Delays, relays signal to ventricles

103
Q

What is the function of the AV bundle?

A

Relays signal to RV, LV

104
Q

What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?

A

Sends signal into RV, LV

105
Q

What is the function of an ECG?

A

Reflects electrical activity across the heart during a cardiac cycle

106
Q

What methods are used to analyse the cardiac cycle?

A

ECG, 3 lead or 12 lead

107
Q

What extrinsic mechanisms regulate the heart?

A

The autonomic nervous system

EXSS1010 (2 decks)

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