Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Foundations of Biochem > Flashcards

Foundations of Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

A high degree of chemical complexity and microscopic organization; systems for extracting, transforming, and using energy from the environment; defined functions for every component and regulated interactions among them; mechanisms for sensing and responding to alterations in surroundings; a capacity for precise self-replication and self-assembly; capacity to change over time by gradual evolution

A

The distinguishing features of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The periphery of the cell, separating its contents from the surroundings

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Allows the passage of certain ions and molecules

A

Transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transmit signals into the cell

A

Receptor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The internal volume enclosed by the plasma membrane, composed of the cytosol and a variety of suspended particles with specific functions

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxidizes fatty acids

A

Peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Supports the cell and aids in movement of organelles. Composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Degrades intracellular debris using digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

A

Transport vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Processes lipids and membrane proteins, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Segregates chromatin (DNA and protein) from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Contains the genes (chromatin)

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Site of much of protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oxidizes fuels to produce ATP. Site of most energy extracting reactions of the cell

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

A

Starch granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Site of light-driven ATP synthesis

A

Thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

A

Vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Provides path between two plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

A

Glyoxysome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transport out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Transport into the cell

A

Endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bacteria that are colored by Gram’s stain. Lacks an outer membrane. Contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the plasma membrane

A

Gram positive bacteria

28
Q

Bacteria that is not colored by Gram’s stain. Has an additional outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer

A

Gram negative bacteria

29
Q

Single, circular molecule of DNA

A

Plasmid

30
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

A

The three distinct domains of life

31
Q

Inhabits soils, surface waters, and tissues of other living or decaying organisms

A

Bacteria

32
Q

Inhabits extreme environments like salt lakes, hot springs, highly acidic bogs, and the ocean depths

A

Archaea

33
Q

Which are eukaryotes more closely related to, bacteria or archaea?

A

Archaea

34
Q

Environments with plentiful oxygen

A

Aerobic

35
Q

Environments devoid of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

36
Q

Organisms that die when exposed to oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

37
Q

Organisms that are able to live with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

38
Q

Organisms that trap and use sunlight as energy

A

Phototrophs

39
Q

Organisms that derive their energy from oxidation of chemical fuel

A

Chemotrophs

40
Q

Organisms that synthesize their biomolecules directly from carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophs

41
Q

Organisms that require some preformed organic nutrients made by other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

42
Q

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

A

The 4 most abundant elements in living organisms

43
Q

Shorter polymers

A

Oligomers

44
Q

Long polymers of amino acids that constitute the largest fraction (besides water) of the cell

A

Proteins

45
Q

Nucleic acids that are polymers of nucleotides. Stores and transmits genetic information

A

DNA and RNA

46
Q

The entire sequence of a cell’s DNA

A

The genome

47
Q

Polymers of simple sugars like glucose

A

Polysaccharides

48
Q

Energy-rich fuel stores, rigid structural components of cell walls, and extracellular recognition elements that bind to proteins on other cells

A

Three major functions of polysaccharides

49
Q

All of a cell’s carbohydrate-containing molecules

A

Glycome

50
Q

Water insoluble hydrocarbon derivatives. Serve as structural components of membranes, energy-rich fuel stores, pigments, and intracellular signals

A

Lipids

51
Q

Carbon containing molecules that have the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but differ configuration

A

Stereoisomers

52
Q

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

53
Q

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

A

Diastereomers

54
Q

In living organisms, chiral molecules are usually present in how many of their chiral forms?

A

One

55
Q

All the constituent reactants and products, the solvent that contains them, and the immediate atmosphere

A

A system

56
Q

The system and its surroundings

A

A universe

57
Q

When the system exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings it is

A

Isolated

58
Q

When the system exchanges energy but not matter with its surrounding it is

A

Closed

59
Q

When it exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings; All living organisms

A

An open system

60
Q

The randomness or disorder of the components of a chemical system

A

Entropy

61
Q

The amount of energy available to do work

A

Free-energy

62
Q

Energy requiring reactions. Have a positive delta G (free energy)

A

Endergonic

63
Q

Reactions that do not require an energy input. Have a negative delta G (free energy)

A

Exergonic

64
Q

Energy pathway that degrades organic nutrients. Breaks things down and are exergonic

A

Catabolic reactions

65
Q

Uses energy created from catabolic reactions. Builds things up, endergonic

A

Anabolic reactions

Biochemistry (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions