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a level chemistry > foundations in chemistry > Flashcards

foundations in chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

define relative atomic mass

A

the average mass of an element compared to 1/12 mass of a carbon-12 atom

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2
Q

define relative isotopic mass

A

the mass of an atom of an isotope of an element compared to 1/12 mass of carbon-12

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3
Q

what is the relative atomic mass calculated from ?

A

masses of isotopes and abundance of isotopes

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4
Q

what does m/z equal ?

A

mass : charge ration

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5
Q

name the ion
a) OH-
b) Cl-
c) NO3-

A

a) hydroxide
b) chloride
c) nitrate

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6
Q

what charge does a hydroxide (OH -) anion have ?

A

-1

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7
Q

what charge does a bromide (Br -) anion have ?

A

-1

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7
Q

what charge does a chloride (Cl -) anion have ?

A

-1

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8
Q

what charge does a oxide (O 2-) anion have ?

A

-2

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9
Q

what charge does a nitrate (NO3 -) anion have ?

A

-1

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10
Q

what charge does a carbonate (CO3 2-) anion have ?

A

-2

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11
Q

what charge does a sulphate (SO4 2-) anion have ?

A

-2

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12
Q

what charge does a phosphate (PO4 3-) anion have ?

A

-3

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13
Q

what charge does a hydrogen (H +) cation have ?

A

+1

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14
Q

what charge does a sodium (Na +) cation have ?

A

+1

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15
Q

what charge does a potassium (K +) cation have ?

A

+1

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16
Q

what charge does a ammonia (NH4 +) cation have ?

A

+1

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17
Q

what charge does a calcium (Ca 2+) cation have ?

A

+2

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18
Q

what charge does a magnesium (Mg 2+) cation have ?

A

+2

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19
Q

what charge does an aluminium (Al 3+) cation have ?

A

+3

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20
Q

what charge does a silver (Ag +) cation have ?

A

+1

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21
Q

what charge does a barium (Ba 2+) cation have ?

A

+2

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22
Q

what charge does a copper [II] (Cu 2+) cation have ?

A

+2

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23
Q

write the formula of sodium chloride

A

NaCl

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24
Q

write the formula of magnesium chloride

A

MgCl2

25
Q

write the formula of calcium carbonate

A

CaCO3

26
Q

write the formula of ammonium carbonate

A

(NH4)2CO3

27
Q

what is a mole ?

A

an amount of a substance - a certain amount of particles

it is equivalent to the number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12

28
Q

what is avogadros constant ?

A

6.02 x 10^23

29
Q

what equation links particles, number of moles and avogadros constant ?

A

Number of particles = Avogadro constant x the amount of substance in mol

30
Q

how much does a mole weigh ?

A

a mole of a substance in grams is the same as its molecular (atomic) mass

31
Q

what equation links mass, Mr and moles ?

A

Mass = Mr x moles

32
Q

what is empirical formula ?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

33
Q

what is the empirical formula of glucose ?

A

CH2O

34
Q

what is the empirical formula of C6H4O2?

A

C3H2O

35
Q

how can empirical formula be calculated ?

A

it can be calculated from knowing the ratios in moles of the elements in a compound

36
Q

which electrons are lost when an ion is formed ?

A

the highest energy electrons

37
Q

which sub shells are exceptions to the standard rule ?

A

3d and 4s

4s fills before 3d but also empties before

38
Q

what is the electron configuration of Cr (24 electrons)

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

39
Q

what is the electron configuration of Cu (29 electrons)

A

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

40
Q

how do you find the location of an element ?

A

the last number in the electron config. is the period

the letter is the block

the number of electrons is the distance along the period

41
Q

what do ionic bonds exist in ?

A

a giant ionic lattice

42
Q

do smaller ions have stronger or weaker bonding ?

A

stronger

43
Q

what impacts attraction between ions ?

A

the charge density

44
Q

should charge density be higher or lower to increase attraction

A

higher

45
Q

what are the properties of giant ionic lattices ?

A

brittle
high melting points
conducts electricity when molten or in solution

46
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton ?

A

1

47
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron ?

A

1/2000

48
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron ?

A

1

49
Q

number of protons =

A

number of electrons

50
Q

number of neutrons =

A

mass number - proton number

51
Q

number of electrons =

A

number of protons

52
Q

what determines the type of atom ?

A

the number of protons

53
Q

what are isotopes ?

A

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

54
Q

how are electrons arranged ?

A

in electron shells made from SUB SHELLS

55
Q

what sub shells are in shell 1 ?

A

s

56
Q

what sub shells are in shell 2 ?

A

s
p

57
Q

what sub shells are in shell 3 ?

A

s
p
d

58
Q

what sub shells are in shell 4 ?

A

s
p
d
f

59
Q

what does each sub-level consist of ?

A

electron orbitals

60
Q

what are electron orbitals ?

A

regions of space in which the electrons are most likely to spend their time

a level chemistry (2 decks)

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