Foundations for the study of Africa and the meadle east Flashcards
Were is Middle East?
North
How many subregions does Africa has?
4
- West Africa
-East Africa
-central Africa
Southern Africa
How was Known the Pre-Islamic Arabia by the Muslim and what does it meant?
Jahiliyya - period of ignorance
First two empires wich were rivals
-Sassanian
-Byzantine
year of the Byzantinne-Sassanian war
602 - 628 CE
Year in which Muhammad started recieving divine revelations
610 CE
Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina marked the beginning of…
The year 0 = the Islamic calendar
Which event gave birth to Islamic empire
630 - the recuperation of Mecca by beating notables and Jewish
Dead of Muhammad
632
Who was the first succesor?
Abu Bakr
What was the Rashidum Caliphate?
The period of governance of the first 4 Calips (632 - 661)
Names of the Caliph in cronologycal order
1.- Abu Bakr
2.- Umar Inb al-Kathabb
3.- Uthman
4.- Ali
Name of the emerged empires due to Alis Caliphate
Sunni and Shi’a
Meaning of “Fitna”
Civil war
Years of the first Fitna
656 - 661 CE
What caliphate was overthrew in the first Fitna and which one was established
Rashidun and the umayyad caliphate was established
battles between the first Fitna
-Battle of the Camel: Ali vs Aisha 565
-Battle of Siffin: Ali vs Mu’awiya 567
Who won the Battle of the camel
Ali
What happened on the battle of Siffin
Al’s army defeated Mu’awuya and his response was to copy coran scripts - this led Ali to stop the battle and get to agreements
what was the agreement between Ali and Mu’awiya
Mu’awiya will surrender and suffer no consequences and he will recognized Ali as Caliph
Why did the Kharijites emerged?
Because of the anger ob Ali’s followers at the previous agreement
year of the assassination of Ali
661 by a Kharijitie
What happened after Ali’s assassination?
Hassan is the successor (Ali’s son)
What happened between Hassan and Mu’awiya
They fight but stoped with a treaty in 661
What was the treaty of 661 that finished the first Fitna
Hassan Mu’awiya treaty of 661
What does the Hassan Mu’awiya treaty of 661 said?
Hassan will abdicate and recognize Mu’awiya as Caliph only if his successor was elected by a group of scholars.
What happened to Hassan after the treaty
He was poisoned
How did Hussayn, Hassan’s brother is involucrated
Mu’awiya does not respected the treaty and elected his son Yazid asthe new Caliph, thats why Hussayn enters and fight with Yazid
How is the Battle between Yazid and Husayn’s called and what is its characteristic?
Battle of the Karbala 680 and it was the SECOND FITNA
Nowadays whos majority shia’s or sunni’s?
Shia
Years of the Ummayad Caliph
661 (with the recognition of Mu’awiya as caliph) - 750 CE
who was the first Ummayad Caliph
Mu’awiya
where does the capital moves, due to the Umayyad Caliph?
At Damascus because there was Mu’awiya
Wich region does the Islam reached during that period?
al-Ándalus (now spain)
What was al-Ándalus?
A muslime-ruled area, from 711 - 1492
Why does the Ummayad Caliph ends?
Due to internal rebellion
Abbasid Caliph years
750 - 1258 CE
Where was now the captial?
Baghdad
Characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate
- Arts and science flourished
- Multi Ethnic and polytheist religious empire
When was the Decline of the Abbasid Empire and why?
13th century due to the Mongol invasion
Ottoman Caliphate was the successor of which Caliphate?
Abbasid Caliphate
Date of the Ottoman Caliphate
started in the 13th century by UTHMAN in the Antolian peninsula
Characteristics of the Ottoman Calophate?
- Reached it Apex in the 16th century
- Westward expanssion after the fall of Conatantinople 1453
End of the Ottoman Caliphate
18 th century
Order of the Caliphates
1.-. Rashidun Caliphate
2.- Umayyad Caliphate
3.- Abbasid Caliphate
4.- Ottoman Caliphate
