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Biochemistry > Foundations Exam 3 histology > Flashcards

Foundations Exam 3 histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the protein in the stratum granulosum that aggregates keratin tonofilaments and allows keratinization in more superficial layers

A

Filagrin

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2
Q

Dark brown spots on the surface of the skin is from

A

keratohyaline plaques from over prodiction of keratohyaline granules in the stratum granulosum

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3
Q

eledin is

A

the protein in the stratum lucidium that is thought to be a etabolite of keratohyaline. it makes the stratum lucidium light staining

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4
Q

lamellar bodies are found where

A

in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and granulosum

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5
Q

what do lamllar bodies do?

A

they extrude glycproteins which coat the cell surface

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6
Q

what is psoriasis

A

is it a result of a decrease in the regeneration time fo the epidermis and an increase in mitotic cells in the stratum basale and spinosum. It presents as a patchy red lesion

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7
Q

how do you control psoriasi

A

with corticosteroids

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8
Q

Addisons disease is

A

a lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causing overproduction of ACTH leading to pigmentation of the skin

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9
Q

vitiligo

A

genetic mutation leading to degredation and regression of menalocytes and depigmentation

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10
Q

Albinism

A

lack of production of tyrosinase and so they lack melanin

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11
Q

How do you identify a langerhan cell?

A

identify the berbeck granules which are paddle shaped

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12
Q

Langerhan cells are important in

A

delayed hypersensitivity

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13
Q

What does a merckel cell do and where are they found

A

clear cells found in the stratum basale near connective tissue which are involved in Krude touch and in hair folliKles

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14
Q

how do you recognize a merkel cell?

A

have dense secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

where is blood supply of the epidermis?

A

in the papillary layer of the dermis

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16
Q

Meissner’s

A

In the papillary layer of the dermis and are used for fine touch in hairleSS region. unmyelinated nerve endings and in vibraSSions

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17
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Pressure and vibration in the reticular dermis

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18
Q

Ruffinis corpuscle

A

endings respond to stretch

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19
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

cold and pressure detection

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20
Q

which glands are associated with hair follicles?

A

subaceous glands

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21
Q

subaceous glands strucutre is

A

a branched acinar gland with a short ductal system that release contents in a holocrine fashion

22
Q

which sweat gland is associated with sweat glands?

A

apocrine

23
Q

Epidermal Bullosa

A

defects in intermediate filments that anchor the epidermis to the underlying BM

24
Q

Epidermal Bullosa simplex

A

where blistering occurs in the epidermis and basal epidermal cells separate. This is the most common type of EB,and tends to be milder than the other types.

25
Q

junctional epidermolysis bullosa

A

caused by defects in IFs where blisters form between the dermis and epidermis

26
Q

distropic epidermolysis bullosa

A

type VII collage mutation resulting in separation of the papillar from the reticular dermis that heals with scarring

27
Q

how do you tell the difference between the basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

A

the squamous cell is making alot more hyaline and lamellar bodies since they are from more mature kertinocytes

28
Q

The A band is

A

the length of the myosin molecul in the center. It does not change . microscopically it will appear as a single thick filament surrounded by the thin filaments

29
Q

What does the I band look like microscopically

A

It will be the thin filaments surrounded by titin

30
Q

titin

A

extends from the z-line to the H band and anchord the myosin filaments to the Z-line

31
Q

what will the M band look like ?

A

It will have a myosin thick filament with myomesin holding them together

32
Q

myomesin

A

holds the myosin filaments in register @ the M line

33
Q

alpha actinin

A

anchors actin to the Z-lne

34
Q

tropomodulin

A

caps the free end of actin thus regulating its length

35
Q

costamere

A

attach myofirils to the sarcolemma at the Z-line

36
Q

Dystrophin

A

links actin to the sarcolemma and to the lamina of the ECM

37
Q

in Muscular Dystrophy, how is it inherited and what protein is malfunctioning

A

dystrophin and is X-linked recessive and is assocaited with a replacement of degenerating skeletal muscle with fatty firous connective tissue

38
Q

what s a t-tubule

A

an invagination of the sarcolemma at the AI j(x) between two terminal cisternae

39
Q

explain the calcium binding in a cell to allow muscle contraction

A

calcium binds to troponin which undergoes a confrmationl change resulting in the moving of tropomyosin on the actin molecule which exposes the myosin binding sites. now the myosin head can bind to actin

40
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune diease where Abs block Ach receptors of the motor end-plates leading to a gradual weakening

41
Q

botulism inhibits

A

the release of Ach from the motor end plate

42
Q

the efferents of the spindle fiber are what kind of nerves

A

gamma motor

43
Q

the extrafusal fibers in the muscle are innervated by

A

alpha nerves

44
Q

what does MyoD do?

A

myoblasts epxress it and turn on muscle specific genes

45
Q

what inhibits muscle development

A

myostatin

46
Q

fascia adherens in cardiac muscle attaches to

A

skeletal muscle

47
Q

in cardiac muscle where is the t-tubule?

A

the z-line

48
Q

in smooth muscle what binds to calcium?

A

caldesmon and calponin

49
Q

what activates myosin in the smooth muscle cells?

A

Myosin light Chain Kinase

50
Q

what activates the MLCK (myosin light chain kinase?

A

calcium-calmodulin complex

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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