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Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues/cells are derived from neural crest?

A

MAGICCOPS:

  • Melanocytes
  • Aorticopulmonary septum
  • Ganglia (autonomic, dorsal root, enteric)
  • Iris stroma
  • Chromafin cells
  • Cranial nerves
  • Odontoblasts/Ossicles
  • Parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid
  • Sclerae
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2
Q

What tissues/cells are derived from the neural tube?

A

CNS (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells), pineal gland, posterior pituitary, retina

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3
Q

What tissues/cells are derived from surface ectoderm?

A

Lens, olfactory epithelium, inner ear, anterior pituitary, oral epithelium, parotid glands, enamel of teeth, epidermis, sweat glands, mammary glands, distal anal canal

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4
Q

What tissues/cells are derived from mesoderm?

A

Muscle, bone, marrow, blood cells, heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, upper vagina, kidneys, adrenal cortex, gonads, dermis

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5
Q

What tissues/cells are derived from endoderm?

A

GI tract, submandibular/sublingual glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lungs, thymus, thyroid follicular cells, lower vagina, bladder epithelium, urethral epithelium

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6
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: melanocytes

A

Neural crest

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7
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: aorticopulmonary septum

A

neural crest

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8
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: autonomic ganglia

A

neural crest

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9
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: dorsal root ganglia

A

neural crest

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10
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: enteric ganglia

A

neural crest

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11
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: iris stroma

A

neural crest

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12
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: chromaffin cells

A

neural crest

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13
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: cranial nerves

A

neural crest

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14
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: odontoblasts

A

neural crest

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15
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: ossicles

A

neural crest

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16
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: thyroid parafollicular (C) cells

A

neural crest

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17
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells

A

neural tube

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18
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: pineal gland

A

neural tube

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19
Q

Name the embryological structures from which these are derived: posterior pituitary vs. anterior pituitary

A

posterior pituitary: neural tube

anterior pituitary: surface ectoderm

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20
Q

Name the embryological structures from which these are derived: retina vs. sclerae vs. lens

A

retina: neural tube
sclerae: neural crest
lens: surface ectoderm

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21
Q

Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: olfactory epithelium, oral epithelium, inner ear

A

surface ectoderm

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22
Q

Name the embryological structures from which these are derived: parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

A

parotid: surface ectoderm
submandibular: endoderm
sublingual: endoderm

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23
Q

Name the embryological structure from which these are derived: enamel of teeth vs. dentin of teeth

A

enamel: surface ectoderm
dentin: odontoblasts from neural crest

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24
Q

Name the embryological structures from which these are derived: epidermis vs. dermis

A

epidermis: surface ectoderm
dermis: mesoderm

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25
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: sweat glands, mammary glands
surface ectoderm
26
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: anal canal (proximal vs. distal to pectinate line)
Proximal: endoderm Distal: surface ectoderm
27
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: muscle
Mesoderm
28
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: bone, bone marrow
mesoderm
29
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: blood cells
mesoderm
30
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: heart
mesoderm
31
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: blood vessels and lymphatics
mesoderm
32
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: upper vagina vs. lower vagina
upper vagina: mesoderm | lower vagina: endoderm
33
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: kidneys
mesoderm
34
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: adrenal cortex
mesoderm
35
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: gonads
mesoderm
36
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: GI tract
endoderm
37
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
endoderm
38
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: lungs
endoderm
39
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: thymus
endoderm
40
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: thyroid follicular cells vs. thyroid parafollicular cells
follicular cells: endoderm | parafollicular cells: neural crest
41
Name the embryological structure from which this is derived: bladder and urethral epithelium
endoderm
42
VACTERL
``` Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo-Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects ``` (these are mesodermal defects)
43
During what period does organogenesis occur during fetal development?
Embryonic period, weeks 3-8; most susceptibility to teratogens
44
At what embryonic age does the heart begin to beat?
4 weeks
45
At what embryonic age do the limb buds form?
4 weeks
46
At what embryonic age do fetal movements start?
8 weeks
47
At what embryonic age do sex-specific genitalia become apparent?
10 weeks
48
What birth defects are caused by: ACE inhibitors/ARBs
renal failure, oligohydramnios
49
What are the teratogenic antibiotics/what are the associated birth defects?
Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin): ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones: cartilage damage Tetracyclines: discolored teeth
50
What birth defects are caused by: cyclophosphamide
ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digits
51
What birth defects are caused by: methotrexate
neural tube defects
52
What birth defects are caused by: carbamazepine
neural tube defects
53
What birth defects are caused by: valproic acid
neural tube defects
54
What birth defects are caused by: phenytoin
fetal hydantoin syndrome
55
What birth defects are caused by: lithium
Ebstein anomaly
56
What birth defects are caused by: statins
CNS and limb abnormalities
57
What birth defects are caused by: warfarin
bone/cartilage defects, nasal hypoplasia
58
What anticoagulant is contraindicated during pregnancy, and which one is safe?
Warfarin, heparin
59
What birth defects are caused by: isotretinoin
spontaneous abortion, skull/CNS/heart/parathyroid defects
60
What birth defects are caused by: diethylstilbestrol (DES)
clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma
61
What birth defects are caused by: thalidomide
phocomelia (limb hypoplasia)
62
Teratogenic effects of: ionizing radiation
CNS malformations (early exposure), malignancy (late exposure)
63
Teratogenic effects of: excess vitamin A
spontaneous abortion, microcephaly, cardiac defects, interferes with neural crest cell migration or HOX gene expression
64
Teratogenic effects of: maternal diabetes
cardiac defects, neural tube defects, caudal regression syndrome
65
Teratogenic effects of: maternal iodine deficiency
cretinism
66
Teratogenic effects of: nicotine/cocaine
placental abruption, low birth weight, IUGR
67
Teratogenic effects of: alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome: facial abnormalities (narrow eye openings, wide-set eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, cleft palate), intellectual disability, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly
68
HOX genes
Involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction; mutations cause appendages in wrong locations
69
Sonic hedgehog gene
Produced at base of limbs in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA); involved in patterning along anteroposterior axis; mutation can cause holoprosencephaly
70
Wnt-7 gene
Organization along dorsal-ventral axis (n, t in Wnt for nose and toes)
71
FGF gene
Responsible for limb lengthening; mutation in FGF3 leads to achondroplasia
72
Nuclear localization signals
4-8 amino acid sequences rich in proline, arginine, and lysine that are necessary for proteins to gain entry into the nucleus (must be a PAL to get into nucleus, and bring a positive energy)
73
What three proteins bind to and inactivate cyclin-CDK complexes?
p21, p27, and p57 (Note: p53 controls transcription of p21)
74
Transition from G1 to S phase of cell cylce
Cyclin D/CKD4 -> phosphorylation of Rb protein -> Rb released from E2F -> cell can transcribe/synthesize components necessary for progression to S phase (cyclin E, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, DHF reductase) -> cyclin E/CDK2
75
Transition from G2 to M phase of cell cycle
Cyclin A/CDK2 complexc for mitotic prophase, Cyclin B/CDK1 complex allows for breakdown of nuclear lamins and initiation of mitosis
76
Nissl bodies
rough ER in dendrites of neurons
77
COPI vs. COPII
COPII: anterograde trafficking (ER to Golgi) COPI: retrograde trafficking
78
Which four amino acids does the Golgi modify?
Serine and threonine (ads O-oligosaccharides) Asparigine (adds mannose-6-phosphate for lysosomal enzymes) Tyrosine (sulfation)
79
I-cell (inclusion cell) disease
Deficiency in mannose-6-phosphate, lysosomal enzymes are secreted out of cells. Features: corneal clouding, coarse facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement, may have intellectual disability, death by age 8
80
Functions of peroxisomes
Beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids; synthesis of plasmalogens (impt phospholipids in myelin); oxidases and catalase for metabolizing EtOH and other toxic substances
81
3 mechanims of proteolysis
Proteasomal (ubiquitin), lysosomal, calcium-dependent enzymes
82
6 types of intermediate filaments, where they are found, and what tumors they can be used to identify when stained for
- Cytokeratin: epithelial cells; carcinoma - Desmin: Muscle cells; rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma - Glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP): glial cells; glioblastoma - Neurofilaments: axons; neuroblastoma - Vimentin: connective tissue; sarcomas - Nuclear lamins: nuclear envelope and DNA (not stained for, but assx with certain muscular dystrophies and progeria)
83
Drugs that act on microtubules
- Vincristine/vinblastine (prevent polymerization) - Taxanes (hyperstabilize microtubules) - Benzimidazoles - Griseofulvin - Colchicine (blocks phagocyte movement)
84
Proteins needed for slow axoplasmic transport
Kinesin (anterograde) and dynein (retrograde)
85
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Infertility, bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, situs inversus (50%)
86
Kartagener syndrome
Situs inversus, bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis
87
Draw arachidonic acid pathway
see page 15 of workbook
88
Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic, BAX is proapoptotic and creates channels in mitochondrial membrane, causing cytochrome c to go to cytosol and activate caspases
89
Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
1. TNF receptor and FasR (CD95) bind to ligands and activate caspases 2. Killer T cells release perforin to poke holes in membrane and granzyme B to enter cell and activate caspases
90
Coagulative necrosis
Seen in ischemia/infarcts in most tissues (except brain); histology with cell outlines preserved but no nuclei and eosinophilic staining
91
Liquefactive necrosis
Seen in bacterial abscesses, brain infarcts, and pleural effusions; due to neutrophils releasing lysosomal enzymes that digest tissues
92
Caseous necrosis
Seen in TB and systemic fungal infections; due to macrophages walling off infecting microorganism
93
Fat necrosis
Seen in acute pancreatitis or traumatic injury (e.g. to breast tissue); due to damaged cells releasing lipase; saponification of fat appears dark blue on H+E stain
94
Fibrinoid necrosis
Seen in immune reactions in vessels; due to immune complexes (type III hypersensitivity); vessel walls are thick and pink on histology
95
Gangrenous necrosis
Dry: ischemia (toes/feet), looks like coagulative on histology Wet: bacterial superinfections
96
What cellular enzymes are responsible for handling oxygen free radicals?
Catalase: H2O2 -> O2 + H2O Superoxide dismutase: O2 free radicals to H2O2 Glutathione peroxidase: catalyzes free radical breakdown
97
Histologic features of apoptosis
Pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, membrane blebbing, apoptotic bodies
98
Irreversible cell injury
pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, calcium influx, plasma membrane damage, lysosomal rupture, mitochondrial permeability
99
Reversible cell injury
decreased ATP synthesis, cellular swelling, chromatin clumping, decreased glycogen, fatty change, ribosomal detachment

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