Foundations

Question 1

Neural crest derivatives

Answer 1

ANS, DRG, CNs, Schwann cells, sensory PNS.
Ossicles of middle ear.
Ant eye chamber (cornea, sclera, ciliary mm, iris, pigment)
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Odomtoblast
Aorticopulmonary septum
Enteric NS, celiac ganglion, enterochromaffin cells
Parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid
Skin melanocytes x

Question 2

Embryonic dev

Answer 2

Zygote>Morula>blastocyst> trophoblast>placenta & embryonic memb
B>

Question 3

Teratogenic effects - ACE inhibitors

Answer 3

Renal anomaly

Question 4

Teratogenic effects - aminoglycosides

Answer 4

Ototoxicity

Question 5

Teratogenic effects - fluoroquinolones

Answer 5

Cartilage damage

Question 6

Teratogenic effects - tetracyclines

Answer 6

Teeth discoloration

Question 7

Teratogenic effects - cyclophosphamide

Answer 7

Ear, face, & limb anomalies (no digits)

Question 8

Teratogenic effects - methotrexate

Answer 8

NTDs, abortion

Question 9

Teratogenic effects - carbamazepine

Answer 9

NTDs

Question 10

Teratogenic effects - valproic acid

Answer 10

NTDs

Question 11

Teratogenic effects - phenytoin

Answer 11

Fetal hydantoin synd (IGR, disability)

Question 12

Teratogenic effects - lithium

Answer 12

Ebstein anomaly

Question 13

Teratogenic effects - statins

Answer 13

CNS & limb anomalies

Question 14

Teratogenic effects - warfarin

Answer 14

Face/limb/CNS anomaly, abortion

Question 15

Teratogenic effects - isotretinoin

Answer 15

Abortion

Question 16

Teratogenic effects - diethylstilbesterol

Answer 16

Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma

Question 17

Teratogenic effects - thalidomide

Answer 17

Phocomelia (limb hypoplasia)

Question 18

Teratogenic effects - maternal diabetes

Answer 18

Caudal regression synd.

Question 19

Teratogenic effects -iodine deficiency

Answer 19

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Question 20

Teratogenic effects - cocaine & tobacco

Answer 20

Decreased blood flow to fetus > growth restriction

Question 21

Fetus dev in wks:

Answer 21

3-8 organogenesis
4 four chambered heart
8 movement
10 genitalia

Question 22

HOX genes

Answer 22

Skeletal morphology 
Txn regulator 
Mutation HOXD13: synpolydactyly 
Mut Hedgehog(post/ant arrangement) : holopronsencephaly 
Mut FGF(limb length): achondroplasia

Question 23

Nuclear Localization Signal

Answer 23

Lysine, arginine, proline

Question 24

Cell cycle regulation - G1>S

Answer 24

D-4 (phosph Rb, releases E2F)

E-2

Question 25

Cell cycle regulation - G2>M

Answer 25

A-2

B-1 (cdc25)

Question 26

I cell disease

Answer 26

Def in mannose phosphorylation. No M6P for lysosomal targeting
Death by 8
Corneal clouding, int disability, hsm, skeletal/face anomaly

Question 27

Peroxisomes

Answer 27

Beta ox (long & branched FAs)
Synth of plasmalogens (myelin)
Ethanol metabolism

Question 28

1’ ciliary dyskinesia

Answer 28

Dynein defect 
Kartagener synd (infertility, sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs Inversus)

Question 29

Microtubule acting drugs

Answer 29

Zinc alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine) block polimerization
Taxanes (paclitaxel, docitaxel) hyperstabilizes
Benzimidazole - anti fungal
Griseofulvin
Colchicine

Question 30

Arachidonic acid derivatives

Answer 30

Leukotrienes, prostacyclin, prostaglandin, thromboxane

Question 31

Leukotriene

Answer 31

Neutrophil chemotaxis

⬆️ bronchial tone

Question 32

Prostacyclin

Answer 32

⬇️ platelet aggregation
⬇️ vasc tone
⬇️ uterine tone

Question 33

Prostaglandin

Answer 33

⬆️uterine tone
⬇️vasc tone
⬇️bronchial tone
⬆️gastric mucus prod

Question 34

Thromboxane

Answer 34

⬆️platelet aggregation
⬆️ vasc tone
⬆️bronchial tone