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Rapid Fire Facts: High Yield DIT > foundations 2 > Flashcards

foundations 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma

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2
Q

enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei “orphan annie eyes”

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma

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3
Q

standard treatment for DKA

A

IV fluid
IV insulin
K+ replacement

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4
Q

standard treatment for type 1 DM

A

insulin

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5
Q

standard treatment for type 2 DM

A

low carb diet + weight loss
oral hypoglycemic pill (metformin - DOC)
insulin

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6
Q

most common cause of hypercalcemia

A

1° hyperparathyroidism

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7
Q

most common cause of 1° hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

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8
Q

most common cause of 2° hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic renal failure: ↓Ca

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9
Q

most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroidectomy

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10
Q

facial muscle spasm when tapping cheek

A

Chvostek sign: hypocalcemia

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11
Q

parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary tumors

A

MEN 1

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12
Q

preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation

A

heparin or LMWH

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13
Q

preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation

A

warfarin

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14
Q

preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy

A

heparin or LMWH

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15
Q

lab test to monitor heparin or warfarin

A

heparin: PTT
warfarin: PT/INR

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16
Q

causes of hypochromic microcytic anemia

A

IDA
thalassemias
lead poisioning

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17
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia: B9 (folate) or B12

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18
Q

skull xray: “hair on end” appearance

A

beta thalassemia

sickle cell disease

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19
Q

basophilic stippling of RBC

A

lead poisioning

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20
Q

painful cyanosis of fingers and toes with hemolytic anemia

A

cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

red urine in morning + fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

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22
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell Jolly Bodies - after splenectomy

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23
Q

autosplectomy

A

sickle cell disease

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24
Q

drug used to treat sickle cell disease

A

hydroxyurea

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25
Q

fever + night sweats + weight loss

A

B symptoms of lymphoma or TB

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26
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

immune thrombocytopenia

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27
Q

bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

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28
Q

most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disorder

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29
Q

cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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30
Q

sheets of lymphoid cells with “starry sky” appearance

A

Burkitt lymphoma

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31
Q

large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl eye inclusions”

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

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32
Q

elevated uric acid

A

gout
Lesh-Nyhan syndrome
myeloproliferative diseases
diuretics: loop, thiazides

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33
Q

pseudopalisading tumor cell arrangement

A

glioblastoma: most common 1° brain tumor in adults

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34
Q

inherited defect in tubular amino acid transporter

A

cystinuria

Hartnup disease

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35
Q

smudge cells

A

CLL

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36
Q

punched out lytic bone lesions

A

multiple myeloma

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37
Q

RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins

A

Rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)

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38
Q

monoclonal antibody spike (M spike)

A

multiple myeloma
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

39
Q

reddish-pink rods in cytoplasm of leukemic blasts

A

auer rods (AML)

40
Q

dark purple nodules on skin in an HIV patient

A

Kaposi sarcoma - HHV-8

41
Q

temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

42
Q

owl’s eye inclusions in organ tissue

A

CMV

43
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplets

A

HSV: cowdry type A inclusions

44
Q

nutmeg liver

A

hepatic congestion:
R sided heart failure
budd chiari syndrome

45
Q

maternal elevation of AFP

A 
neural tube
anencephaly
spina bifida
omphalocele
gastroschisis
46
Q

aplastic anemia in sickle cell patient

A

parvovirus B19

47
Q

oral hairy luekoplakia

A

EBV

48
Q

child with fever and “slapped cheek” rash on face that spreads to body

A

parvovirus B19 (fifth disease)

49
Q

fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis and diffuse rash

A

rubeola (measles)

3 C’s

50
Q

small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa, surrounded by base of red

A 
Koplik spots (measles)
occurs before diffuse rash
51
Q

dark purple nodules on skin in an HIV patient

A

kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

52
Q

large cells with owl’s eye inclusions

A

CMV

53
Q

treatment for CMV

A

ganciclovir

54
Q

most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients

A

pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

55
Q

drug used to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia

A

TMP-SMX

56
Q

most common heart murmur

A

mitral valve prolapse

57
Q

most common congenital heart anomaly

A

VSD

58
Q

cherry-red spot on macula

A

Tay-Sachs
Niemann-Pick
central retinal artery occlusion

59
Q

treatment for oral candidiasis

A

nysatin or fluconazole

60
Q

most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients

A

pneumocystis jirovecii

61
Q

prophylaxis for cryptococcus in AIDS patients

A

fluconazole

62
Q

prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients

A

TMP-SMX

63
Q

treatment for systemic candidiasis

A

immuncompetent: fluconazole
immunocompromised: amphotericin B or echinocandin

64
Q

cancer associated with asbestos

A

malignant mesothelioma

bronchogenic carcinoma

65
Q

owl’s eye inclusions
owl’s eye nucleus
owl’s eye protozoan

A

inclusion: CMV
nucleus: reed sternburg cell (hodgkin lymphoma)
protozoan: giardia lamblia

66
Q

pigmented hamartomas in iris

A

lisch nodules: neurofibromatosis

67
Q

systemic mycoses (fungal infections)

A 
histoplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis
sporotrichosis
paracoccidiomycosis
68
Q

systemic mycoses are dimorphic fungi:
mold - 20 C
yeast - 37 C

A

histoplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis (exception: spherole not yeast)
sporotrichosis

69
Q

treatment for systemic mycoses

A

localized, uncomplicated: fluconazole or itraconazole

severe, disseminated, or complicated: amphotericin B (Big Bad fungal infections)

70
Q

characteristics of systemic mycoses

A

NON-CASEATING granuloma formation (vs TB: caseating with necrotic centers filled with caseous/cheesy material)

71
Q

culture of systemic mycoses

A

sabouraud agar

72
Q

encounter with bat/bad droppings (soil may be contaminated) and getting a pulmonary disease

A

histoplasma capsulatum

73
Q

systemic mycoses in mississippi/ohio river valley

A

histoplasma capsulatum

74
Q

systemic mycoses in southwest US (California, west Texas)

A

coccidoidomycosis

75
Q

systemic mycoses in states bordering Mississippi and Ohio river basins up to Canada, central america

A

blastomycosis

76
Q

organisms associated with birds

A

histoplasma capsulatum: noncaseating granulomas
cryptococcus neoformans: pigeon droppings, pneumonia in healthy, meningitis in AIDS
chlamydophila psittaci (bacteria)
H5N1 influenza (bird flu)
West Nile virus

77
Q

treatment of sporotrichosis

A

itraconazole - DOC

potassium iodide “plant a rose in pot(assium iodide) - kids or treatment failure

78
Q

cat scratch

A

bartonella henselae

79
Q

cat/dog bite

A

pasteurella multocida

80
Q

cat feces

A

toxoplasma

81
Q

puppy feces

A

yersinia enterocolitica

82
Q

animal urine

A

leptospira

hantavirus: deer mouse urine

83
Q

effect of leptin (from adipocytes)

A

satiety
inhibits lateral area of hypothalamus
stimulates ventromedial area of hypothalmus

84
Q

councilman bodies

A

apoptotic liver cells:

viral hepatitis or yellow fever

85
Q

ring-enhancing lesion in HIV patient

A

toxoplasma gondii or 1° CNS lymphoma

86
Q

treatment for trichomonas vaginalis

A

metronidazole

87
Q

most common protozoal diarrhea (watery)

A

giardia lamblia

88
Q

strawberry tongue

A

scarlet fever
kawasaki disease
toxic shock syndrome

89
Q

rash on palms + soles

A

2° syphilis
rocky mountain spotted fever
coxsackie A virus

90
Q

most common helminth infection in US

A

enterobius vermicularis

91
Q

2nd most common helminth infection in US

A

ascaris lumbricoides

92
Q

multiple sclerosis Charcot’s triad

A

scanning speech
nystagmus
intention tremor

93
Q

renal artery stenosis with hypertension and string of pearls

A

fibromuscular dysplasia:

affects carotid + renal arteries

94
Q

dynein arm defect

A

kartagener syndrome: primary ciliary dykinesia

recurrent sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

Rapid Fire Facts: High Yield DIT (2 decks)

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