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LSAT Study > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

If

A

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2
Q

When

A

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3
Q

Where

A

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4
Q

All

A

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5
Q

Every

A

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6
Q

Any

A

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7
Q

The only

A

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8
Q

Only

A

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9
Q

Only if

A

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10
Q

Only when

A

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11
Q

Only where

A

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12
Q

Always

A

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13
Q

Must

A

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14
Q

Or

A

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15
Q

Unless

A

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16
Q

Until

A

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17
Q

Without

A

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18
Q

No

A

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19
Q

None

A

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20
Q

Not both

A

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21
Q

Cannot

A

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22
Q
  1. If
  2. When
  3. Where
  4. All
  5. Every
  6. Any
  7. The only
A

Group 1 Indicators

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23
Q

Group 1 Indicators (7)

A
  1. If
  2. When
  3. Where
  4. All
  5. Every
  6. Any
  7. The only
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24
Q

The idea introduced by the indicator is the sufficient condition

A

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25
Q

Group 1

A

The idea introduced by the indicator is the sufficient condition

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26
Q

Group 1 Ex. When zombies attack New York City, the real estate market will crash.
What is the sufficient condition?

A

zombies

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27
Q

Convert to lawgic: When zombies attack New York City, the real estate market will crash.

A

Z –> REC
/REC –> /Z
If the real estate market doesn’t crash, zombies are not attacking New York City.

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28
Q
  1. Only
  2. Only if
  3. Only when
  4. Only where
  5. Always
  6. Must
A

Group 2 Indicators

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29
Q

Group 2 Indicators (6)

A
  1. Only
  2. Only if
  3. Only when
  4. Only where
  5. Always
  6. Must
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30
Q

Group 2

A

The idea introduced by the indicator is the necessary condition

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31
Q

The idea introduced by the indicator is the necessary condition

A

Group 2

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32
Q

Group 2 Ex. Students are cited as “late” only if they arrive more than five minutes past the last ring of the homeroom bell.
What is the necessary condition?

A

arriving more than 5 minutes after the bell

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33
Q

Convert to lawgic: Students are cited as “late” only if they arrive more than five minutes past the last ring of the homeroom bell.

A

late –> 5+
/5+ –> /late
If a student does not arrive more than five minutes past the last ring of the bell, then they are not cited as late

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34
Q
  1. Or
  2. Unless
  3. Until
  4. Without
A

Group 3 indicators

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35
Q

Group 3 Indicators (4)

A
  1. Or
  2. Unless
  3. Until
  4. Without
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36
Q

Group 3

A

pick either idea, negate that idea, then make that idea the sufficient condition

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37
Q

pick either idea, negate that idea, then make that idea the sufficient condition

A

Group 3

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38
Q

Convert to lawgic: Blackouts will occur unless the heat wave abates

A

/BO –> HWA
/HWA –> BO

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39
Q
  1. No
  2. None
  3. Not both
  4. Cannot
A

Group 4 indicators

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40
Q

Group 4 Indicators (4)

A
  1. No
  2. None
  3. Not both
  4. Cannot
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41
Q

Group 4

A

pick either idea, negate that idea, then make that idea the necessary condition

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42
Q

pick either idea, negate that idea, then make that idea the necessary condition

A

Group 4

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43
Q

Convert to lawgic: None of the Americans attended the dictator’s party

A

ADP –> /American
American –> /ADP

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44
Q

Translate into lawgic:

If Amidala convinces the Senate and the Jedi Knights accomplish their mission, then the Chancellor’s nefarious plan will fail.

If Amidala convinces the Senate = A
the Jedi Knights accomplish their mission = J
the Chancellor’s nefarious plan will fail = CF

A

A and J —> CF

A + J ≠ A –> CF
J —> CF

A and J have to happen together. A can’t independenty cause CF and J can’t independenty cause CF

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45
Q

Translate into lawgic:

If M is adopted, then N and O are adopted.

A

M —> N and O

M —> N and O DOES =
M —> N AND M —> O

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46
Q

If a conjunction occurs within the sufficient condition…

A

both elements together guarantee the necessary condition. Neither alone is independently sufficient.

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47
Q

If a conjunction occurs within the necessary condition…

A

two events are independently necessary when the sufficient condition is triggered.

48
Q

Translate into lawgic:

If the Chancellor’s plan succeeds, then either Amidala failed or the Jedi Knights failed.

A

CS —> AF or JF
(at least one failed. could be both)

49
Q

Translate into lawgic:

If N or O is not adopted, then M cannot be adopted.

A

/N or /O —> /M

If N is not adopted, then M cannot be adopted, independent of O.

If O is not adopted, then M cannot be adopted.

/N or /O —> /M =
/N —> /M and /O —> /M

50
Q

If a disjunction occurs in a necessary condition…

A

then at least one (possibly both) must trigger when the sufficient triggers.

51
Q

If a disjunction occurs in a sufficient condition…

A

then two conditions can independently trigger the necessary condition

52
Q

NEGATING AND

Translate the contrapositive into lawgic:

If M is adopted, then N and O must be adopted.
M –> N and O

A

/N or /O –> /M

53
Q

How do you translate the contrapositive of “and”

A

Switch “and” for “or” and negate each element

54
Q

Translate the contrapositive into lawgic:

If neither N or O are adopted, then M cannot be adopted

/N or /O –> /M

A

//M –> /(/N or /O)
or
//M –> //N or //O
=
M –> N and O

55
Q

How do you translate the contrapositive of “or”

A

Switch “or” for “and” and negate each element

56
Q

Few

A

quantifier

57
Q

several

A

quantifier

58
Q

many

A

quantifier

59
Q

some

A

quantifier

60
Q

most

A

quantifier

61
Q

Quantifiers (5)

A
  1. few
  2. several
  3. many
  4. some
  5. most
62
Q

what does several mean

A

more than one

63
Q

what does most mean

A

more than half

64
Q

what does some mean

A

at least 1

65
Q

Some students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read.
what must be true in regards to some

A

at least one student can read

66
Q

Some students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read.
what must be false in regards to some

A

no student can read

67
Q

Some students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read.
what could be true in regards to some

A

two students can read
ten students can read
fifteen students can read
all twenty students can read

68
Q

what is the lower boundary for “some”

A

“at least one”

69
Q

what is the upper boundary for “some”

A

there is no upper boundary. it could include all of the members of the group in question

70
Q

what could “some” exclude?

A

all

71
Q

Though reading is a challenge for students this young, some students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read.

Mark the following statements as almost certainly false, could be false, could be true, must be true, and must be false:

  1. Three students can read
  2. All 20 students can read
  3. Eight students can read
  4. No student can read
  5. At least one student can read
A
  1. could be true
  2. almost certainly false
  3. could be true
  4. must be false
  5. must be true
72
Q

Translate into lawgic: Some students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read

A

students <- s -> read
read <- s -> students

73
Q

what is the lower bound of most?

A

half. most suggests more than half.

74
Q

Most students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read. What must be true, what must be false, and what could be true?

A

Must be true: at least 11 students can read

Must be false: 10 or fewer students can read

Could be true: 12 students, 15 students, or all students can read

75
Q

What is the upper bound for most?

A

Most does not have an upper bound. it could include all. it’s implied to exclude all.

76
Q

We will meet our environmental goals only if most cars become electric.

If all cars become electric, do you fail the condition?

A

no

77
Q

“most” in lawgic

A

–m–>

78
Q

how must “most” be read

A

unidirectionally. it can’t be read reversibly.

79
Q

how must “some” be read

A

bi-directional

80
Q

Translate into Lawgic:

Most students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read.

A

student –m–> read

81
Q

why is read –m–> student a wrong translation of “Most students in Mrs. Stoops’ class can read”?

A

it suggests most students that can read are in Mrs. Stoops’ class, which is not identical to student –m–> read

82
Q

what is “most A are B” not identical to?

A

“most B are A.”

83
Q

what are the lower and upper bounds for “all”

A

“all” doesn’t have a lower or upper bound

84
Q

what does all mean?

A

all. literally all.

85
Q

Translate into lawgic:

All students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry have magical abilities.”

A

S –> M

86
Q

what is the contrapositive of “some” claims

A

there is no contrapositive of “some”

87
Q

what is the contrapositive of “most” claims

A

there is no contrapositive of “most” claims

88
Q

A <–s–> B does not equal…

A

/A <–s–> /B

89
Q

A –m–> B does not equal…

A

/B –m–> /A

90
Q

A –> B does imply

A

/B –> /A

91
Q

what is the lower bound of “overwhelming majority”

A

higher than most.
- overwhelming majority raises the floor up from most

92
Q

“An overwhelming majority of legislators on the city counsel voted against the new proposal.”

Assign the following as must be false, must be true, and could be true

100% voted against
90% voted against
80% voted against
70% voted against
60% voted against
51% voted against

A

100% - could be true
90% - could be true
80% - could be true
70% - must be true (lower boundary)
60% - must be true (lower boundary)
51% - must be false

93
Q

what does “many” indicate

A

a large amount

94
Q

what is the lower boundary for “many”

A

the lower boundary must be higher than “some”

95
Q

practically speaking, what can you equate “many” with on the LSAT, and what can you not equate it with?

A

on the LSAT, you can equate “many” to “some”

you can not equate “many” to “most”

96
Q

why can you not equate “many” with “most”?

A

most = more than half
technically, many only implies some

97
Q

what does “few” mean?

A

some, but not many

some are, and most are not

98
Q

how else can you say “Few silent films have survived into the twenty-first century”

A

Some, but not many silent films have survived into the twenty-first century.

Most silent films have not survived into the twenty-first century.

99
Q

translate into lawgic:

Few silent films have survived into the twenty-first century.

A

silent <–s–> survive
and
silent –m–> /survive

100
Q

what does all imply?

A

most

101
Q

what does “all dogs like bacon” imply?

A

most dogs like bacon

102
Q

what does most imply?

A

some

103
Q

what does “most cats are furry” imply?

A

some cats are furry

104
Q

if “all” implies “most” and “most” implies “some,” then what must be true?

A

“all” implies “some”

105
Q

what does “all A are B” negate to?

A

some A are not B

106
Q

what does “A –> B” negate to?

A

A <–s–> /B

107
Q

what does “All dogs are friendly” negate to?

A

It’s not the case that all dogs are friendly
OR
Some dogs are not friendly

108
Q

what does “If A then B” negate to? (conditional)

A

A can occur and B not occur

109
Q

what does “A –> B” negate to? (conditional)

A

A and /B

110
Q

what does “To be a Jedi, one must be able to use the Force” negate to?

A

It’s not the case that to be a Jedi, one must be able to use the Force.
OR
One can be a Jedi and not be able to use the Force
OR
Being a Jedi does not require being able to use the Force

111
Q

what is a trap negation for “To be a Jedi, one must be able to use the Force”

A

To be a Jedi, one must not be able to use the Force

112
Q

what does J –> F negate to?

A

/(J –>F)
OR
J and /F

113
Q

what does “some A are B” negate to?

A

No A are B

114
Q

what does A <–s–> B negate to?

A

A –> /B

115
Q

What does “some parrots are clever” negate to?

A

It’s not the case that some parrots are clever
OR
All parrots are not clever
P –> /C

116
Q

what does “most A are B” negate to?

A

It’s not the case that most A are B
OR
Anywhere from none to exactly half of A are B

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