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Biomechanics I > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the right-hand rule useful?

A
  • tells us the orientation of the 3rd axis if we know the directions of the 1st and 2nd axes
  • tells us the directionality of moments
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2
Q

What axes form the Frontal (Coronal) plane?

A

Vertical & mediolateral

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3
Q

What axes form the Sagittal plane?

A

Vertical & anteroposterior

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4
Q

What axes form the Transverse plane?

A

Mediolateral & anteroposterior

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5
Q

What axis does the Frontal plane rotate about?

A

Anteroposterior

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6
Q

What axis does the Sagittal plane rotate about?

A

mediolateral

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7
Q

What axis does the Sagittal plane rotate about?

A

vertical

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8
Q

What is the difference between kinematics and kinetics?

A

Kinematics is the description of motion & Kinetics is the description of forces

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9
Q

Define:
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Angular Displacement
Angular velocity
Angular acceleration

(kinematics terms)

A

Displacement = change in distance

Velocity = change in distance/change in time

Acceleration = change in vel/change in time

Angular displacement = change in angle

Angular velocity = change in angle/change in time

Angular acceleration = change in angular vel/change in time

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10
Q

What is the eq for force and the units?

A

F = mass * accel
Units: Newton

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11
Q

What is the eq for moment (torque)?

A

Moment (torque) = Force * moment arm (ma) = Fd

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12
Q

Define “Moment Arm”

A

PERPENDICULAR distance btwn line of action of the force and the axis of rotation

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13
Q

T or F: Moments have magnitude and direction?

A

True.

CCW = +
CW = -

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14
Q

Compare scalar and vector quantities

A

Scalar: have mag only, can be + or -, add algebraically if same unit)

Vector: mag & direction, usu noted with –> or underline, add by parallelogram (A+B = R)

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15
Q

Roughly, where should the center of mass be in static stance?

A

S2 vertebra

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16
Q

Does COM shift with weight distribution?

A

Yes.

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17
Q

What is the center of gravity?

A

balance point for an object

18
Q

What is Newton’s 1st law?

A

Law of Inertia:
An object at rest will stay at rest AND an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced external force

19
Q

Is a force-couple equivocal to static equilibrium?

A

No

20
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Sum of forces = 0

All forces and moments acting on a system sum to 0

21
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd law?

A

Law of Acceleration:
Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass (F = ma)

Larger mass requires larger force to accel or decel

22
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law?

A

Law of Reaction:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Reaction force acts in the opposite direction, along the same line as the action force

23
Q

What is a force-couple?

A

PARALLEL forces w/ EQUAL magnitudes and OPPOSITE directions

Think: steering wheel (where the parallel forces are separated by a distance)

24
Q

What is translational motion and what are the 3 types of force systems?

A

Forces acting at 1 location

  1. Collinear force system (tug a war)
  2. Concurrent force system
  3. Pulley force system
25
Q

What is Class 1 Lever?

A

See-saw: External force (load) and internal force (muscle) are on OPPOSITE sides, w/ fulcrum in middle

26
Q

For a Class 1 Lever, how does the MAmuscle compare to the MAexternal?

A

Can be >, <, or =

27
Q

What is an anatomical example of a Class 1 Lever?

A

Holding head in a neutral position while standing

Triceps muscle

28
Q

What is a Class 2 lever?

A

Wheelbarrow: Fulcrum and internal force (muscle) are on OPPOSITE sides with the external force (load) in the middle

29
Q

For a Class 2 lever, how does the MAmuscle compare to the MA external?

A

MAmuscle > MAexternal

30
Q

What is an anatomical example of a Class 2 Lever?

A

Toe raise

31
Q

Why does a Class 2 lever provide great mechanical advantages for the body?

A

Because you can lift very heavy loads through short distances.

32
Q

What is a Class 3 lever in relationship between external force (load), fulcrum, and internal force (muscle)?

A

Fulcrum and external force (load) on Opposite sides with internal force (muscle) in middle

33
Q

What is an anatomical example of a Class 3 lever?

A

Biceps lifting a dumbell
(Fulcrum = elbow

34
Q

For a Class 3 lever, how does the MAmuscle compare to the MA external?

A

MAmuscle < MAexternal

35
Q

Do class 3 levers have ow or high mechanical advantage?

A

Low

36
Q

What is the benefit of a class 3 lever?

A

Small shortening of muscle causes large movements of the segment

Therefore, they are able to produce large amounts of movement with low mechanical advantage.

37
Q

Which class of lever is most common in the body?

A

Class 3

38
Q

External rotation of the shoulder is motion that occurs in the ___ plane about the ___ axis

A

Transverse, vertical

39
Q

What are examples of scalar quantities?

A

mass, distance, speed

40
Q

What are examples of vector quantities?

A

weight, displacement, velocity

41
Q

Abduction of the hip is a motion that occurs in the ___ plane about the ___ axis

A

Antero-posterior axis

Biomechanics I (6 decks)

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