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Foundation Psychology key topics > foundations > Flashcards

foundations Flashcards

1
Q

mental health

A

problematic patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour including emotional social and behavioural abnormalities that affect people’s lives

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2
Q

mental disorder

A

clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours that disrupt well-being and cause distress or an individual

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3
Q

personality disorders

A

chronic and severe disturbances that alter the capacity to work and to live

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4
Q

psychoses

A

disorders in which hallucinations or delusions indicate some loss of contact with reality

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5
Q

thought disorder

A

disturbances in the speed or amount or coherence (logical connections) of thinking

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6
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how an individual thinks, feels and behaves in a social context

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7
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

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8
Q

contact hypothesis

A

the idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases

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9
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overlook situational factors and instead make internal attributions for others’ behaviour

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10
Q

etic

A

approach of studying a culture’s behaviour from the perspective of an outsider

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11
Q

emic

A

approach of studying a culture’s behaviour from the perspective of an insider

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12
Q

identity development

A

the process through which individuals achieve a sense of who they are and of their moral and political beliefs, their career preferences, and their relationship to their culture and community

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13
Q

identity development: marcia’s stages

A
  1. identity diffusion
  2. identity foreclosure
  3. identity moratorium
  4. identity achievement
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14
Q

attitude accessibility

A

the strength of the association between an attitude object and a person’s evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object

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15
Q

persuasion: elaboration likelihood model

A

two routes to persuasion, central route and peripheral route

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16
Q

central route

A

a method of persuasion that uses evidence and logical arguments to influence people

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17
Q

peripheral route

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness and do not think critically about the contents of the message

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18
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

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19
Q

how to change set cognitive dissonance

A
  1. Change their behaviour
  2. Justify behaviour by changing one of the dissonant cognitions
  3. Justify behaviour by adding new cognitions
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20
Q

part 2 summing up

A

when perceiving others assume behaviour reflects internal factors rather than situations. our actions are influenced by groups/categories that people belong to

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21
Q

external social stimuli

A

other people’s behaviours and direct orders can influence our behaviour

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22
Q

social identity theory

A

theory in which the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

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23
Q

social influence

A

the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviour through conformity, compliance and obedience

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24
Q

psychodynamic theory

A

events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.

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25
Q

cognitive-social theory

A

suggests that humans learn by observing others and choosing which behaviours to imitate

26
Q

eyseck’s theory

A

proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment

27
Q

humanistic psychology

A

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

28
Q

defence mechanisms

A
  1. repression
  2. regression
  3. displacement
  4. sublimation
  5. reaction formation
  6. projection
  7. rationalization
29
Q

sympathetic activation

A
  1. cerebral cortex: psychological appraisal
  2. signal to hypothalamus
  3. hypothalamus initiates
  4. SNS arousal
30
Q

structuralism

A

focused on structure of basic elements of the mind

31
Q

functionalism

A

focused on how mental and behavioural processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

32
Q

behaviourism

A

the science of behaviour that focuses on observable behaviour only

33
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

34
Q

pons

A

a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, influences our level of consciousness and alertness

35
Q

cerebellum

A

a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills such as coordination of movement and balance

36
Q

thalamus

A

the brain’s sensory control centre, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

37
Q

hypothalamus

A

located at below the thalamus at the base of the brain. has a major role in the regulation of biological drives. also controls the automatic nervous system and is involved with body temperature regulations

38
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibres connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

39
Q

basal ganglia

A

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

40
Q

limbic system

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

41
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing centre

42
Q

occipital lobe

A

located at the back of the brain and focuses on visual processing

43
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position

44
Q

temporal lobe

A

a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

45
Q

frontal lobe

A

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

46
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

47
Q

infant cognition - sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to about 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

48
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

49
Q

centration

A

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

50
Q

irreversible thought

A

cannot mentally undo an action

51
Q

static thought

A

thought that is fixed on end states rather than the changes that transform one state into another

52
Q

difficulty with classification

A

trouble thinking about relations between classes and subclasses or between wholes and parts

53
Q

egocentrism

A

the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes

54
Q

transformational thought

A

can understand the process of change from one state to another

55
Q

seriation

A

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

56
Q

transivity

A

the understanding of relationships among elements in a series

57
Q

formal operations stage

A

Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking in both positive and negative contexts

58
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

59
Q

extinction learning

A

learning that a previously rewarded stimulus is no longer rewarded

60
Q

operant conditioning

A

a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments

61
Q

reinforcers and punishers

A
  1. Reinforces increases behaviour

2. Punishment decreases behaviour

62
Q

social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Foundation Psychology key topics (1 decks)

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