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The Linux Operating System > Foundational Utilities > Flashcards

Foundational Utilities Flashcards

1
Q

ls

A

List files in the working directory

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2
Q

cd

A

Change directory

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3
Q

Ping

A

Sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to the target host and wait for an echo reply.

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4
Q

nano

A

Minimalist text editor pre-installed on numerous Linux distributions.

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5
Q

chmod

A

“Change mode.” Changes the permissions of a file or directory.

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6
Q

rm

A

Remove file

(rm -r can remove directories)

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7
Q

traceroute

A

Network utility that allows you to trace the path that packets take from a source to a destination, showing each hop (router) along the way. Feature rich - can use tcp, udp, icmp. Requires root for advanced functionality.

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8
Q

tracepath

A

network utility that allows you to trace the path that packets take from a source to a destination, showing each hop (router) along the way. Simplistic and udp only. Does not require root.

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9
Q

rmdir

A

removes empty directories

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10
Q

sed

A

Stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).

Commonly used for “find and replace” operations.

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11
Q

ssh

A

Openssh remote login client.

A program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections, arbitrary TCP ports and UNIX-domain sockets can also be forwarded over the secure channel.

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12
Q

apt

A

provides a high-level commandline interface for the package management system.

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13
Q

apt-get

A

Apt package handling utility

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14
Q

apt-cache

A

Query the apt cache.

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15
Q

man

A

Display manual pages

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16
Q

sudo

A

“super user do”

Run single commands as root or another user.

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17
Q

su

A

“switch user”

It allows you to switch to another user account without logging out of the current session. Using this command without specifying a username, it defaults to the root user, which is the system administrator account with full privileges.

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18
Q

find

A

search for files in a directory hierarchy

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19
Q

grep

A

print lines that match patterns in a file

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20
Q

pwd

A

Print working directory

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21
Q

cp

A

Copy files and directories

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22
Q

telnet

A

Interface for a protocol used to establish an insecure remote connection with another device or server. It enables you to manage a remote machine using the command line, similar to SSH but without the encryption SSH provides.

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23
Q

mv

A

Utility used to move files and folders. It is also used for renaming files and folders.

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24
Q

Ifconfig

A

configure a network interface

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25
Q

calc

A

Calculator

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26
Q

ftp

A

Client for file transfer protocol

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27
Q

sftp

A

OpenSSH secure file transfer

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28
Q

xargs

A

build and execute command lines from standard input

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29
Q

echo

A

Echo the STRING(s) to standard output (display a line of text)

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30
Q

cat

A

concatenate files and print on the standard output

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31
Q

chgrp

A

change group ownership

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32
Q

chown

A

change owner and group of a file or directory

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33
Q

date

A

print or set the system date and time

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34
Q

dd

A

convert and copy a file

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35
Q

df

A

report file system disk space usage

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36
Q

ln

A

make links between files

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37
Q

mknod

A

create device special files

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38
Q

mktemp

A

create a temporary file or directory

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39
Q

sync

A

synchronize data on disk with memory

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40
Q

touch

A

change file timestamps

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41
Q

uname

A

print system information

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42
Q

uptime

A

tell how long the system has been running

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43
Q

arch

A

print machine hardware name (similar to uname -m)

44
Q

who

A

print who is logged on

45
Q

whoami

A

Print effective user id

46
Q

wc

A

print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files

47
Q

time

A

A simple command to give resource usage

48
Q

sleep

A

Delay for a specified amount of time

49
Q

shred

A

overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it

50
Q

md5sum

A

calculate and check MD5 message digest

51
Q

logname

A

print current login name

52
Q

kill

A

send a signal to kill a process

53
Q

stat

A

display file or system status

54
Q

sum

A

display file checksum and block counts

55
Q

tty

A

Print filename of terminal in standard input

56
Q

id

A

print real and effective user and group IDs

57
Q

du

A

Estimates the amount of disk space used by files and directories.

58
Q

ps

A

report a snapshot of the current processes.

59
Q

tree

A

list contents of directories in a tree- like format.

60
Q

clear

A

Clear the terminal screen

61
Q

exit

A

Logout and close the terminal

62
Q

logout

A

Log out of terminal

63
Q

shutdown

A

Shutdown computer

64
Q

Reboot

A

Reboot computer

65
Q

history

A

history of commands entered into the terminal

66
Q

pgrep, pkill, wait

A

look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes

67
Q

netstat

A

Print network connections, routing
tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships

68
Q

unzip

A

list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive

69
Q

zip

A

package and compress (archive) files

70
Q

Curl

A

Transfer a url

71
Q

passwd

A

change password

72
Q

diff

A

Compare files line by line

73
Q

sort

A

Sort Lines of text files

74
Q

Finger

A

User information lookup program

75
Q

whatis

A

Query manual page databases

76
Q

top

A

Processes that are taking up the most memory

77
Q

htop

A

Processes that are taking up the most memory, colorized

78
Q

free

A

Display amount of free and used memory in the system

79
Q

awk

A

powerful text processing tool in Unix and Linux environments, known for its ability to filter, manipulate, and transform text data. It is named after its three creators: Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan.

80
Q

neofetch

A

Fetch colorized system info with OS logo display

81
Q

ss

A

Modernized netstat

82
Q

iptables

A

a user-space utility program that allows a system administrator to configure the IP packet filter rules of the Linux kernel firewall, implemented as different Netfilter modules.

83
Q

ufw

A

Modernized iptables with simplified syntax

84
Q

less

A

cat a file but one page at a time

85
Q

Head

A

Cat beginning of a file

86
Q

Tail

A

Cat end of a file

87
Q

cmp

A

Compare two files and see if they are different

88
Q

adduser

A

Create new user on the system, with advanced functionality

89
Q

useradd

A

Create new user on system, simplified functionality

90
Q

uniq

A

report or omit repeated lines

91
Q

Killall

A

Kill processes by name

92
Q

jobs

A

Display status of jobs

93
Q

fg

A

Move job to the foreground

94
Q

Bg

A

Move job to background

95
Q

tar

A

an archiving utility, named after old archive technology “tape archive”

96
Q

alias

A

define or display aliases

97
Q

Cal

A

Display a calendar, or some part of it.
Without any arguments, display the current month.

98
Q

env

A

Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND.

99
Q

printenv

A

Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s).
If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all.

(Prints the local variables set in a session)

100
Q

type

A

A command can be one of those 4 types:

an executable
a shell built-in program
a shell function
an alias

The type command can help figure this out, in case we want to know or we’re just curious. It will tell you how the command will be interpreted.

101
Q

nohup

A

Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals.

102
Q

crontab

A

maintains crontab files for individual
users

103
Q

export

A

export variables to child processes.

104
Q

tmux

A

terminal multiplexer

105
Q

xz

A

xz is a general-purpose data compression tool with command line syntax similar to gzip(1) and bzip2(1). The native file format is the .xz format

106
Q

gzip

A

reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times.

107
Q

bat

A

A cat clone with syntax highlighting and Git integration.

The Linux Operating System (3 decks)

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