Foundational Knowledge Flashcards
Human Growth and Development
Referring to cognitive, physical, emotional, and social stages of development. Knowledge/understanding of this helps provide appropriate interventions/tx plans.
Early Childhood (birth-6) fundamental motor and social skills, play, communication Children (6-12) social world, schools, sports, play, hand eye coordination, friends over family Adolescence (13-21) peer pressure, independence, maturing of the body, intimacy, sexuality, organized group important Early Adulthood (21-30) education complete, occupation, intimate relationships, leisure activities and persuits Middle Adulthood (30-45) family and career priority, children and their leisure pursuits oriented, individual persuits Older Adulthood (45-60) slowing down, physical changes and decline, cognitively strong still, midlife crises, depression, stressful, careers oriented Senior Adulthood (60-75) free time, retired, health declines, freedoms Old Old Stage (75-death) physical deterioration, deaths around them, limited abilities
Theories of Human Behavior
Theories of Behavior Change
Behavioral health is largest area studied by TR professionals currently. 4 theories to help us apply this.
Psychoanalytic tx - Sigmund Freud, based on influence of instincts on thought and behavior, basic tendency to get maximum gratification of primitive instincts while giving maximum attention to demands of society. Id, Ego, and Superego. Sexual instinct with 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Defense mechanisms used by Ego: denial, repression, displacement, projection, sublimation, rationalization, and intellectualization.
Behavioristic tx - behavior modification, behaviorists believe that it’s learned, so abnormal is learned, so it can be changed. Pavlov’s classical conditioning with association. Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning with reinforcement.
Humanistic tx - people are self-aware, capable of accepting or rejecting dif environmental influences and controlling their conscious and destiny. Carl Rogers with person centered tx. unconditional positive regard for cl., and techniques are secondary to how tx treats cl. Reality tx and Gestalt tx are also included here.
Cognitive Behavior Change - thoughts or cognitions dictate how they react emotionally and behaviorally to any situation. Antecedents are the thoughts, perceptions, or beliefs cl has about topic/experience. Action is the behavior of the cl. Consequences are the responses to the action which can reinforce the original antecedent.
Principles of Behavior Change
self-efficacy - the expectations of cl’s ability to cope with their problems.
attribution model - cl’s explanation of cause of events in their own life. could be internal/external.
concept of learned helplessness - experience with uncontrollable events creating passive behavior toward the threats to their well-being.
Transtheoretical Model - cl’s motivation/readiness to modify their behavior. 5 steps to change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, decision, action, and maintenance.
Tx of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior - cl’s attitudes toward a behavior and their perceptions of norms/beliefs about how easy or difficult it will be to change.
Diversity Factors
many cultures and socioeconomic groups so many cultural differences. 5 primary dimensions: race and ethnicity, gender, physical impairments and qualities, sexual orientation, and age. Secondary characteristics impacting judgements: economic status, religion, military experience, education, geographic location, marital status, parental status, and type of job.
Models of Health Care and Human Services
Medical Model Psychosocial Rehabilitation Model ICF Model (International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health - est. by WHO (World Health Org) this helps illustrate relationship between health condition, body structures, body functions, and environmental or personal factors.
Principles of Group Interaction and Leadership
Groups provide cl’s opportunities for interactions among others cl’s and the TRS uses those interactions to help facilitate dif tx outcomes.
Structural elements of a group: size, format (open/closed), type of cl’s in group, duration (ongoing or no).
Formatting groups: opening, body, and closing of session.
CTRS needs to be the link between cl’s in the group and the group itself. They lead the group, and watch cl’s for problems, areas for helping, adaptations, engagements. We also have to help focus, redirect, block, link, and summarize. Leading well makes all the difference than just a good activity as far as outcomes with cl’s go.
Cognition and Related Impairments
all disabling conditions affecting cognitions.
mild, moderate, severe, and profounds classification sx’s.
Learning dx’s -
Intellectual dx’s - would have scored a min. of 2 std.dev below average on standardized IQ test.
Developmental dx’s - severe and chronic disorder w/ mental and/or physical impairment originating before 22, causes functional limitations in at least 3/7 areas of major life activities including self-care, receptive and expressive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency.
*(you can have intellectual dx and be developmentally dx’d but you don’t have to have a developmental dx and be intellectually dx’d).
Autism - functional characteristics can classify them as developmentally dx’d, or 3/4 cl’s w/ autism usually have an intellectual dx. This is a spectrum disorder bc of wide variety of sx’s; severe to mild (Asperger’s). behavior sx’s, sensory sx’s, emotional sx’s, speech sx’s, odd play, etc.
TBI (traumatic brain injury) - usually an accident, understand levels of TBI so understand Glasgow Coma Scale (predicts degree of recovery and severity of TBI itself) and the Rancho Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning (identifies 8 levels of cognitive functioning organized into 4 intervention stages).
CVA (cardiovascular accident )(stroke) - interruption of blood flow to the brain, could be caused by cerebral thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolism. Hemiplegia is sign of stroke (damage to L brain causes R hemiplegia). Problems speaking (aphasia), or problems understanding, reading, writing, judgement, and new situations.
Dementia - varieties: Alzheimer’s (AD) w/ stages: Stage 1-Mild - 2-4 yrs, & Stage 2-Moderate - 2-7 yrs, & Stage 3-Severe - 1-3 yrs., Vascular, Dementia w/ Lewy Bodies, Pick’s Disease, Parkinson’s, Alcohol related dementias, and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Behavioral sx’s and conitive sx’s are focus for the CTRS: (apathy, physical aggression/non, verbal aggression/non, refusal of care or meds, depression, paranoia, social withdraw, etc.)
Epilepsy - chronic brain disorder w/ recurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, and psychological activity.
Seizure Disorder - common neurological condition, either primary epilepsy (bc it had no identifiable etiology) or secondary epilepsy (bc it happened after an impact to the brain). Partial seizures involve 1 cerebral hemisphere and generalized seizure involve both hemispheres. Seizures can also be simple, no loss of consciousness, or complex.
Anatomy, Physiology, and Kinesiology and other Related Impairents
CP (cerebral palsy) - a developmental disorder w/ problems controlling movement, nonprogressive, classified by limb involvement (quad or paraplegia) or by exhibited sx’s like spasticity or ataxia.
MD (muscular dystrophy) - group of related diseases affecting musculoskeletal system. Ducenne/childhood is most common and most severe for males. Facio-scapulo-humeral and limb-girdle are other types affecting males and females.
Spinal Cord Injury includes ppl w/ quad or paraplegia. Usually from trauma, if severed about T2 = quad, if at or below T2 = paraplegia. Can also be complete/incomplete.
MS (muscular sclerosis) - nervous system, deterioration of myelin sheath. Common speech, walking, tremors sx’s.
Diseases of Circulatory System - myocardial infartion (heart attack), diabetes mellitus: type 1 (before 30) type 2(more common and after 40).
Infectious Diseases - cancers, tumors, etc.
Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - viral infection assoc w/ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
Senses and Related Impairments
Visual Impairments (blind) - legally = 20/200 or less.
Hearing Impairments - hearing losses measured by degree of speech heard per decibel level; higher # greater loss.
Speech Impairments - could be found with other dx’s as well.
Psychology and Related Impairments
mental health, behavior, addictions, etc. variety of psychiatric dx’s and be familiar with DSM IV-TR.
Schizophrenia - must have 2 of: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, grossly or catatonic behavior, negative sx’s.
Mood Disorders - strong impacts on emotions. depression and bipolar, etc.
Personality Disorders - 3 clusters: A includes paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal usually appear odd. B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic, usually are dramatic and emotional and erratic. C includes avoidant, dependent, and ocd usually anxious or fearfulness.
Eating Disorders - anorexia nervosa, bulimia (binge-purge), and understanding their family stuff to help tx.
Behavioral Impairments - victims/perpetrators of violence, abuses, or neglect.
Antisocial Behaviors - bullying or displaying that type of behaviors, maybe self-esteem plays a role, delinquency and/or criminal behavior, etc.
Addictions - polysubstance, alcohol dependence, etc. substance abuse, may be harmless then may affect life.
Normalization, Inclusion, and Least Restrictive Environment
Normalization - ppl w/ dx’s want same stuff as ppl w/out. keep in mind when programming, etc.
Inclusion - letting cl. make own choices and be supported in their environments, as well as valued.
Least Restrictive Environment - refers to placing kids in an environment where they can have the greatest success. adaptations only made when evidence indicates cl. needs changes in order to function. no more segregated programming!, however, every cl. dif and every dx dif., so each cl. may require their specific programming method.
Architectural Barriers and Accessibility of Programs
3 components of accessibility: architectural accessibility, program accessibility (focuses on design and implementation of activities), and skills required to access resources now available to pwd.
Societal Attitudes and Stereotyping
What can I do as a CTRS to help educate society’s attitudes and thus improve some of the more negative or misinformed mind-sets.
Attitude: a disposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to an object, person, institution, or event. They impact behavior.
Maybe we can take focuses off our differences which can cause fear and instead focus on how alike we all are, do this by: 1st person language, etc.
Keep in mind all differences and individual needs.
Legislation
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Title II trained ppl to work w/pwd, Sec 304 made $ available, Sec 502, established the architectural and transportation barriers compliance board, Sec 504-NonDiscrimination under Federal Grants is considered the landmark for pwd bc it laid groundwork for the Americans with Disabilities Act and said pwd could not be discriminated against in programs w/ federal $.
The Rehabilitation Act of 1978: Sec 311 provided grants or restructured facilities making rec activities accessible, Sec 316 provided $ for new rec programs and to assist w/ mobility, etc.
The Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990: defines pwd as ppl who have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limit 1 or more major life activities and is regarded as having such impairment.
4 Primary Titles under ADA: Title I Employment, Title IIA Government Services, Title IIB Public Transit, Title III Public Accommodation, Title IV Telecommunications
Guidelines and Standards
TRS must be aware of these when planning programs. Examples could be us being aware of ADA when planning and designing, making sure that facilities are up to date, adhering to the Joint Commission (JCAHO) who sets stdrds to healthcare agencies, adhering to the Rehabilitation Accreditation Commission (CARF) who set stdrds for hospitals and other tr services.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)(2001) which states health care personnel cannot release patient info unless permissions’ given.
