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Intro To World Religions > Foundational Elements > Flashcards

Foundational Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Why does Hinduism have its name?

A
  • Those who live on the other side of the Indus River (Avesta vs Sanskrit)
  • 17th cent. Brahmin-British co-creation/reification (Bhagavad Gita as bible and Trimurti as Trinity)
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2
Q

When was Hinduism founded?

A

1500 BCE (1700 BCE) with the arrival of the Aryans in the Indus Valley

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3
Q

Who is the founder of Hinduism?

A

No founder

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4
Q

Where was Hinduism founded?

A

India

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5
Q

What are the major sects within Hinduism?

A
  • Siva (Saivaites)
  • Visnu (Vaishnavites)
  • Shakti/Durga
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6
Q

How did Hinduism spread?

A

1700 BCE Aryans arrive in Indus Valley → religion spreads throughout India as the Aryans spread across the Gangetic Plain, then south-east Asia (trade)

c.1200-1700 CE Islamic rule, British begin to rule India as part of their empire → Indians become part of Commonwealth → diaspora

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7
Q

On which continents is Hinduism found?

A

All

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8
Q

What are the major scriptures of Hinduism?

A
  • Veda
  • Upanishads
  • Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata)
  • Ramayana
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9
Q

How is the human viewed in Hinduism?

A

Atman = Brahman ie. the individual soul equals the universal soul

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10
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Hinduism?

A
  • Yoga
  • Meditation (mantra)
  • Puja
  • Devotion to deity
  • Pilgrimage
  • Dharma
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11
Q

What options are available to the individual after death in Hinduism?

A

Reincarnation (of conditionings) or Moksha (release, liberation)

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12
Q

What are the major holidays in Hinduism and their significance?

A 
Sivarati = Shiva’s Birthday
Diwali = Festival of Lights
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13
Q

How many Hindu adherents are there today?

A

1 billion

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14
Q

What is the view of Gods in Hinduism?

A

One abstract principle: Brahman , many manifestations (ex, Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, etc.)

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15
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Hinduism?

A

Om symbol → experience beyond words

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16
Q

Why does Judaism have its name?

A
  • One of Jacob’s sons, Juda, therefore name of one of the twelve tribes
  • land of Judaea
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17
Q

When was Judaism founded?

A

Non historical figures:

  • Abraham 1700 BCE
  • Moses 1300 BCE
  • writing of the Torah: Babylon 587 BCE
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18
Q

Who founded Judaism?

A

Abraham/Moses - Non-historical figures

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19
Q

Where was Judaism founded?

A

Middle East

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20
Q

What are the major sects within Judaism?

A
  • Orthodox, Conservatism, Reform

- Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mezrahim

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21
Q

How did Judaism spread?

A
  • 740 BCE: fall of Israel to Assyrians
  • 586 BCE: fall of Judaea to Babylonians
  • 538 BCE: return to Judaea with written Torah
  • 70 CE: Destruction of the 2nd temple in Jerusalem by Romans → diaspora
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22
Q

On which continents is Judaism found today?

A

All

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23
Q

What is the major scripture of Judaism?

A

TaNaKh

  • Torah,
  • Nevim
  • Ketuvim
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24
Q

How is the human viewed in Judaism?

A

Chosen people meant to follow YWH’s rules for the benefit of all - created in the image of God

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25
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Judaism?

A
  • Shabbat (tradition)
  • 613/10 commandments
  • eat kosher
  • devote one’s life to God
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26
Q

What options are there for the individual after death in Judaism?

A

Jews focus on the here and now
→ life after death with the arrival of the Messiah
→ Gehinnom = Hell, gam and Eden = heaven
→ Olam Ha-Ba (World to come)
→ She’ol = place of the dead, underground for all, no rewards, nopunishments

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27
Q

What are the major holidays in Judaism and their significance?

A
  • Rosh Hashanah (New year)
  • Yom Kippur (25h fast)
  • Hanukkah (Yadah Maccabaeus taking the temple back from the Syrian Greeks)
  • Passover (celebrates deliverance)
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28
Q

How many Jewish adherents are there today?

A

16 million

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29
Q

What is the view of God in Judaism?

A

one god - Abrahamic god

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30
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Judaism?

A

The Star of David (six point)

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31
Q

Why does Buddhism have its name?

A
  • Budh = Sanskrit “to perceive”
  • Bodhi = wisdom
  • Buddha = Sanskrit “enlightened”
  • Siddharta Gautama became known as Buddha
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32
Q

When was Buddhism founded?

A

c.600 BCE - axial age

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33
Q

Who is the founder of Buddhism?

A

Siddharta Gautama

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34
Q

Where was Buddhism founded?

A

India

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35
Q

What are the major scriptures in Buddhism?

A
  • Theravada/Hinayana
  • Mahayana
  • Vajrayana/Tibetan Buddhism
  • Zen
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36
Q

How did Buddhism spread?

A

Buddha travelled through India spreading his message
→ King Ashoka
→ pushed out of India by Brahmanism + Islam
→ Silk Road (Northern route) to China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan
→ southern route to south-east China
→ western colonization Asia → spread
→ Chinese invasion of Tibet in the 1950s, Buddhism returns to India

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37
Q

On which continents is Buddhism found today?

A

All

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38
Q

What are the major sects in Buddhism?

A
  • Tripitaka

- Dhammapada

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39
Q

How are humans viewed in Buddhism?

A

Humans are the only beings who may attain release (nirvana)

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40
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Buddhism?

A
  1. meditation
  2. mantras
  3. the four noble truths
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41
Q

What are the four noble truths?

A
  1. Life is inherently unsatisfactory
  2. The cause of unsatisfactoriness is desire
  3. The way to great free from unsatisfactoriness is to extinguish desire
    4, the way to extinguish desire is the noble eightfold path
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42
Q

What is the noble eightfold path?

A

VR SAL EMC

  1. Right view
  2. Right resolve
  3. Right speech
  4. Right action
  5. Right livelihood
  6. Right effort
  7. Right mindfulness
  8. Right concentration
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43
Q

What options are available for the individual after death in Buddhism?

A
  • Reincarnation (of mental states)

- Nirvana

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44
Q

What are the major holidays in Buddhism and their significance?

A
  • Vesak Buddha’s birthday

- Buddhist new year

45
Q

How many Buddhist adherents are there today?

A

400 million

46
Q

What is the view of god or god in Buddhism?

A

No gods but Buddha is later deified

47
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Buddhism?

A

The eight spokes wheel (steps of eightfold + 4 noble truths)

48
Q

Why does Confucianism have its name?

A

Based on the teachings of Kung Fu Tzu

49
Q

When was Confucianism founded?

A

c.600 BCE - axial age

50
Q

Who is the founder of Confucianism?

A

Kung Fu Tzu

51
Q

Where was Confucianism founded?

A

China

52
Q

What are the major sects within Confucianism?

A

Schools:

  • Doctrine of Principle
  • Doctrine of Mind
53
Q

How did Confucianism spread?

A

From China to Korea, Vietnam and Japan

  • Western colonialism
  • spread around the world
54
Q

On which continents is Confucianism found today?

A

All

55
Q

What is the major scripture of Confucianism?

A

Analects

56
Q

How is the human viewed in Confucianism?

A

Strive to be Chun Zi, part of a structured hierarchy

57
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Confucianism?

A

-Honesty
-Politeness
-Propriety
-Humaneness
-Perform correct role in society according to the five relationships → Chun Zi
→ Ren & Li

58
Q

What are the five relationships?

A
  • between ruler and subject
  • between parent and child
  • between husband and wife
  • between older brother and younger brother
  • between older friend and younger friend
59
Q

What options are there for the individual after death in Confucianism?

A

Realm of the ancestors

60
Q

What are the major holidays in Confucianism?

A
  • Confucius’s birthday 28 September

- Ching Ming - ancestor day

61
Q

How many Confucian adherents are there today?

A

6 million ~

62
Q

What is the view of God or gods in Confucianism?

A

No gods - sage emperors
→ ancestors
→ Mandate of Heaven

63
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Confucianism?

A

Water symbol

64
Q

Why does Taoism have its name?

A

The Tao = “the way” or “the watercourse way”

65
Q

When was Taoism founded?

A

c.600 BCE - axial age

66
Q

Who is the founder of Taoism?

A

Lao-Tzu

67
Q

Where was Taoism founded?

A

China

68
Q

What are the major sects within Taoism?

A
  • philosophical Taoism

- religious (institutional)Daoism

69
Q

How did Taoism spread?

A

China → spread around the world with colonization of Asia

70
Q

On which continents is Taoism found today?

A

All

71
Q

What are the major scriptures of Taoism ?

A
  • Dao de Jing
  • Chuang Tzu
  • Leih Tzu
72
Q

How is the human vied in Taoism?

A

Part of the Dao

73
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Taoism?

A

General attitude of detachment + non struggle “go with the flow”
→ Wu-wei → effortless effort
→ alchemy

74
Q

What are the options available to ten individual after death in a Taoism?

A
  • non-being

- immortality

75
Q

What are the major holidays in Taoism and their significance?

A

Chinese New Year

76
Q

How many Taoist adherents are there today?

A

400 million advents to Chinese religion

77
Q

What is the view of god or god within Taoism?

A

The Dao is all, though there are many celestial masters/immortals

78
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Taoism?

A

Yin Yang (considered to be also associated with Confucianism)
Yang: Masculine/active - ordered Confucianism
Yin: feminine/receptive - watercourse way of Taoism

79
Q

Why does Christianity have its name?

A
  • Christ is Greek (christos) for anointed one or messiah
  • superimposing the first two capital letters Chi and Rho (XP) of ten Greek word “XPI[E]TO[E]”= Christ
  • Jesus of Nazareth came to be known as the Christ
80
Q

When was Christianity founded?

A
  • Jesus c.30
  • Paul .50
  • Constantine c.300
81
Q

Who is the founder of Christianity?

A

Jesus, Paul, Constantine

82
Q

Where was Christianity founded?

A

Middle East / Rome

83
Q

What are the major sects within Christianity?

A
  • Roman Catholicism
  • Orthodox Church
  • Protestantism
84
Q

How did Christianity spread?

A
  • Jesus taught in the Middle East
  • Paul spread the message through the Mediterranean world
  • Constantine’s conversion lead to it becoming the religion of the Roman Empire
  • with fall of the Roman Empire it became the empire → predominat religion in Europe → spread to America with colonization and world through proselytization
85
Q

On which continents is Christianity found today?

A

All

86
Q

What are the major scripture of Christianity?

A

The bible - the gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)

87
Q

How is the human viewed in Christianity?

A

Man created in the image of God

88
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Christianity?

A

Ten Commandments

89
Q

What are the options for the individual after death in Christianity?

A

Heaven or hell

90
Q

What are the major holidays of Christianity and their significance?

A
  • Christmas (birth of Jesus)

- Easter (resurrection day)

91
Q

How many Christian adherents are there today?

A

2 billion

92
Q

What is the view of god in Christianity?

A

One god - trinity

  • father, son, and Holy Spirit
  • The abrahamic God
93
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Christianity?

A

The crucifix

94
Q

Why does Islam have its name?

A

Islam mean “peaceful submission” in Arabic

95
Q

When was Islam founded?

A

Muhammad c,600 CE

96
Q

Who founded Islam?

A

The prophet Muhammad

97
Q

Where was Islam founded?

A

Middle East (Mecca/Medina)

98
Q

What are the major sects within Islam?

A
  • Sunni: accept abu Bakr as the 1st Caliph of Islam - mostly Arab
  • Shia: Favour Ali as the 1st caliph of Islam - mostly Iranian/Persian
99
Q

How did Islam spread?

A

Prophet Muhammad → caliphs
→ islam spread throughout Europe, India, South East Asia and Asia
→ western colonization of India & Middle East becomes part of commonwealth
→ spread around world

100
Q

On which continents is Islam found today?

A

All

101
Q

What is the major scripture of Islam?

A

Qur’an

102
Q

How is the human viewed in Islam?

A

All born Muslin - All Muslim people were created by Allah

103
Q

What are the fundamental beliefs, main forms of worship and practice, paths to attainment, way to attain salvation, and goal of Islam?

A

5 pillars of Muslim life (S S S ZH

  1. Shahadah: sincere declaration that there is no god but allah and Muhammad his prophet
  2. Salad: prayer 5x a day
  3. Sawm: fasting during month of Ramadan
  4. Zakat: donations to people in need
  5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca (at least once if able)
104
Q

What options are there for the individual after death in Islam?

A

Heaven or Hell

105
Q

What are the major holidays in Islam?

A
  • Ramadan: commemorate queen Qur’an was sent down to guide the people
  • Eid - celebrate end of fasting
  • Eid - life of Ishmael spared by Allah (sacrificial goat instead)
106
Q

How many Muslim adherents are there today?

A

~2 billion

107
Q

How is God viewed in Islam?

A

One God - Allah - Abrahamic God

109
Q

What is the most common symbol associated with Islam?

A

The crescent and star

Intro To World Religions (1 decks)

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