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Construction Tech. 1 > Foundation Systems: Concrete and Masonry > Flashcards

Foundation Systems: Concrete and Masonry Flashcards

1
Q

The structural system of
any building must be
designed to support both….

A

…static and dynamic
loads.

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2
Q

Static Loads

A

Loads that are applied slowly (typically downward), do not fluctuate rapidly, and must reach maximum peak before structure reacts.

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3
Q

Live (Occupancy) Loads

A

People, Furniture, snow, standing water, etc….

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4
Q

Dead Loads

A

Structure, non moving fixtures and equipment…

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5
Q

Ground Pressure

A

Loads caused by the horizontal force of soil on a vertical foundation (retaining) wall

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6
Q

Settlement Loads

A

Loads caused by the differential settlement of soil

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7
Q

Water Pressure

A

Hydrostatic (wall) or hydraulic (floor) force on a foundation wall or slab

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8
Q

Thermal Stresses

A

Movement due to expansion and contraction

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9
Q

Dynamic Loads

A

Loads that are applied suddenly and with rapid changes in magnitude and location

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10
Q

Wind Loads

A

Forces exerted by kinetic energy of moving air from any direction

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11
Q

Earthquake Loads

A

Longitudinal and transverse forces affecting lateral loading on a building’s horizontal surfaces

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12
Q

Columns

A

Rigid, slender,
designed to support axial
compressive loads,
subject to crushing or
buckling depending on
size, length and condition

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13
Q

Beams

A

Rigid members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads subject to bending and deflection

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14
Q

Trusses

A

Structural frame based on the rigidity of a triangle, top and bottom chord, web and panels, subject to axial tension and compression

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15
Q

Frame and Walls

A

Beam
supported by two columns
that are braced to resist
lateral forces, the frame
may be fixed or hinged

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16
Q

Concrete (cast in place**)

A
  • Cement + Aggregate + Water = Concrete
  • Strong in compression
  • Weak in resisting tension and shearing
    forces
  • Typically requires reinforcing
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17
Q

Advantages in Concrete

A
  • Plastic
  • Versatile
  • Low cost (relatively)
  • Fire-resistant
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18
Q

Disadvantages in concrete

A
  • Weight (150 pcf)
  • Requires forming
  • Requires reinforcing
  • Curing time
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19
Q

Cement (portland)

A
  • AKA Hydraulic Cement
  • Fine powder made of pulverized “clinkers”
  • Clinkers result from burning clay/limestone mix
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20
Q

Type 1 cement

A

Normal for general construction

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21
Q

Type 2 cement

A

Resistant to heat buildup

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22
Q

Type 3 cement

A

High early strength

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23
Q

Type 4 cement

A

Low heat

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24
Q

Type 5 cement

A

Sulfite resisting

25
Water
Must be potable (no organics, fit to drink)
26
Cement paste
Cement + Water
27
Aggregate
- Inert mineral materials (i.e. sand, gravel, etc.) - Represents 60-80% of concrete volume - Critical to strength, weight, fire resistance - Must be hard, dimensionally stable, free of organics
28
Aggregate - Fine
Sand < 1/4"
29
Aggregate - Coarse
Crushed stone, gravel, etc. > 1/4" - 1.5" (through sieve)
30
Admixtures
Added to alter properties of concrete mix.. - Increasing workability - Speeding/slowing setting - Increasing strength - Altering/controlling color
31
Water-cement Ratio
Ratio of mixing water to cement - Controls strength, durability, watertightness Too much - weak & porous Too little - dense and difficult to work
32
Concrete Specifications
Specified according to compressive strength 28 days standard 7 days (high early strength)
33
Slump Test
Determines consistency and workability
34
Compression Test
Determines compressive strength
35
Steel bars, strands, and wire
Absorbs tensile, shearing, and compressive stresses Ties vertical and horizontal elements together
36
Reinforcing Bars (Rebar)
Hot rolled with ribs or deformations
37
Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)
Grid of steel wire or bars Typically used in floor slabs
38
Concrete Masonry Units
Manufactured product with standard dimensions Many shapes and sizes
39
CMU (concrete masonry units)
Precast Portland cement + fine aggregate + water
40
Concrete Block
Hollow CMU with compressive strength of 600 – 1,500 psi Normal-weight > 125 pcf Medium-weight 105-125 pcf Lightweight > 105 pcf 50
41
Concrete block dimensions
Nominal dimensions – 8” x 8” x 16” Actual dimensions – 7-5/8” x 7- 5/8” x 15-5/8”
42
CMU Grade N
Grade N – Loadbearing CMU for use below or above grade
43
CMU Grade S
Grade S – Loadbearing CMU for above grade use
44
CMU Type 1
Type I – Specified limit to moisture content (minizes cracking)
45
CMU Type 2
Type II – No specified limit
46
Basement
Below grade (whole or part) Requires continuous foundation wall
47
Crawl Space
Below grade Requires continuous foundation wall
48
Slab-on-Grade
(AKA Grade slab) Supported directly by earth Requires continuous foundation wall, trench footing or thickened edge slab
49
Shallow foundations
Foundation wall rests on a spread footing Distributes load laterally over earth Designed based on allowable bearing capacity
50
Strip Footings
Continuous spread footings supporting foundation walls
51
Isolated Footings
Concrete pads supporting columns or other bearing points
52
Sloped grade requires....
stepped footings
53
5 Foundation Wall Types (for this unit)
Cast-In-Place Concrete Concrete Masonry (Block) Treated Wood Precast Concrete (i.e. Superior Walls, etc.) Insulated Concrete Forms (Amvic, etc. )
54
Treated Foundation Wall and its pros:
AKA Permanent Wood Foundations (PWFs) Pros – Simple, quick, cheap, easy finishing, better insulating values... Treated Wood supported by a 2 x footing plate and compacted gravel.
55
What is a con for a treated wall foundation?
Prone to dampness, interior and exterior decay, foundation leaking, bowing and buckling...
56
Precast foundation wall and pros:
AKA Superior Walls Pros: No footings required Pre-insulated Fast installation (trucked to site and placed with a crane)
57
What are the cons to precast foundation walls?
Cons: Requires specialized equipment (crane) Specialized drainage system required Insulation prone to termite infestation
58
ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms) Pros:
Pros: Well insulated Easy construction Air-tightness Uses recycled materials
59
What are the cons for ICF Foundation Walls?
Cons: Cost Best suited to moderate or hot climates

Construction Tech. 1 (1 decks)

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