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Construction Tech. 1 > Foundation Systems: Concrete and Masonry > Flashcards

Foundation Systems: Concrete and Masonry Flashcards

1
Q

The structural system of
any building must be
designed to support both….

A

…static and dynamic
loads.

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2
Q

Static Loads

A

Loads that are applied slowly (typically downward), do not fluctuate rapidly, and must reach maximum peak before structure reacts.

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3
Q

Live (Occupancy) Loads

A

People, Furniture, snow, standing water, etc….

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4
Q

Dead Loads

A

Structure, non moving fixtures and equipment…

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5
Q

Ground Pressure

A

Loads caused by the horizontal force of soil on a vertical foundation (retaining) wall

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6
Q

Settlement Loads

A

Loads caused by the differential settlement of soil

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7
Q

Water Pressure

A

Hydrostatic (wall) or hydraulic (floor) force on a foundation wall or slab

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8
Q

Thermal Stresses

A

Movement due to expansion and contraction

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9
Q

Dynamic Loads

A

Loads that are applied suddenly and with rapid changes in magnitude and location

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10
Q

Wind Loads

A

Forces exerted by kinetic energy of moving air from any direction

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11
Q

Earthquake Loads

A

Longitudinal and transverse forces affecting lateral loading on a building’s horizontal surfaces

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12
Q

Columns

A

Rigid, slender,
designed to support axial
compressive loads,
subject to crushing or
buckling depending on
size, length and condition

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13
Q

Beams

A

Rigid members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads subject to bending and deflection

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14
Q

Trusses

A

Structural frame based on the rigidity of a triangle, top and bottom chord, web and panels, subject to axial tension and compression

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15
Q

Frame and Walls

A

Beam
supported by two columns
that are braced to resist
lateral forces, the frame
may be fixed or hinged

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16
Q

Concrete (cast in place**)

A
  • Cement + Aggregate + Water = Concrete
  • Strong in compression
  • Weak in resisting tension and shearing
    forces
  • Typically requires reinforcing
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17
Q

Advantages in Concrete

A
  • Plastic
  • Versatile
  • Low cost (relatively)
  • Fire-resistant
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18
Q

Disadvantages in concrete

A
  • Weight (150 pcf)
  • Requires forming
  • Requires reinforcing
  • Curing time
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19
Q

Cement (portland)

A
  • AKA Hydraulic Cement
  • Fine powder made of pulverized “clinkers”
  • Clinkers result from burning clay/limestone mix
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20
Q

Type 1 cement

A

Normal for general construction

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21
Q

Type 2 cement

A

Resistant to heat buildup

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22
Q

Type 3 cement

A

High early strength

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23
Q

Type 4 cement

A

Low heat

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24
Q

Type 5 cement

A

Sulfite resisting

25
Q

Water

A

Must be potable (no organics, fit to drink)

26
Q

Cement paste

A

Cement + Water

27
Q

Aggregate

A
  • Inert mineral materials (i.e.
    sand, gravel, etc.)
  • Represents 60-80% of
    concrete volume
  • Critical to strength, weight,
    fire resistance
  • Must be hard, dimensionally
    stable, free of organics
28
Q

Aggregate - Fine

A

Sand < 1/4”

29
Q

Aggregate - Coarse

A

Crushed stone, gravel, etc. > 1/4” - 1.5” (through sieve)

30
Q

Admixtures

A

Added to alter properties of concrete mix..
- Increasing workability
- Speeding/slowing setting
- Increasing strength
- Altering/controlling color

31
Q

Water-cement Ratio

A

Ratio of mixing water to cement
- Controls strength, durability, watertightness

Too much - weak & porous
Too little - dense and difficult to work

32
Q

Concrete Specifications

A

Specified according to compressive strength

28 days standard

7 days (high early strength)

33
Q

Slump Test

A

Determines consistency and workability

34
Q

Compression Test

A

Determines compressive strength

35
Q

Steel bars, strands, and wire

A

Absorbs tensile, shearing, and
compressive stresses

Ties vertical and horizontal elements
together

36
Q

Reinforcing Bars (Rebar)

A

Hot rolled with ribs or deformations

37
Q

Welded Wire Fabric (WWF)

A

Grid of steel wire or bars

Typically used in floor slabs

38
Q

Concrete Masonry Units

A

Manufactured product with
standard dimensions

Many shapes and sizes

39
Q

CMU (concrete masonry units)

A

Precast Portland cement + fine
aggregate + water

40
Q

Concrete Block

A

Hollow CMU with compressive
strength of 600 – 1,500 psi

Normal-weight > 125 pcf

Medium-weight 105-125 pcf

Lightweight > 105 pcf
50

41
Q

Concrete block dimensions

A

Nominal dimensions – 8” x 8” x
16”

Actual dimensions – 7-5/8” x 7-
5/8” x 15-5/8”

42
Q

CMU Grade N

A

Grade N – Loadbearing CMU for
use below or above grade

43
Q

CMU Grade S

A

Grade S – Loadbearing CMU for
above grade use

44
Q

CMU Type 1

A

Type I – Specified limit to
moisture content (minizes
cracking)

45
Q

CMU Type 2

A

Type II – No specified limit

46
Q

Basement

A

Below grade (whole or part)
Requires continuous foundation wall

47
Q

Crawl Space

A

Below grade
Requires continuous foundation wall

48
Q

Slab-on-Grade

A

(AKA Grade slab)
Supported directly by earth
Requires continuous foundation wall, trench footing or thickened edge slab

49
Q

Shallow foundations

A

Foundation wall rests on a spread footing

Distributes load laterally over earth

Designed based on allowable bearing capacity

50
Q

Strip Footings

A

Continuous spread footings supporting foundation walls

51
Q

Isolated Footings

A

Concrete pads supporting columns or other bearing points

52
Q

Sloped grade requires….

A

stepped footings

53
Q

5 Foundation Wall Types (for this unit)

A

Cast-In-Place Concrete

Concrete Masonry (Block)

Treated Wood

Precast Concrete (i.e. Superior Walls, etc.)

Insulated Concrete Forms (Amvic, etc. )

54
Q

Treated Foundation Wall and its pros:

A

AKA Permanent Wood Foundations
(PWFs)

Pros – Simple, quick, cheap, easy finishing,
better insulating values…

Treated Wood supported by a 2 x
footing plate and compacted
gravel.

55
Q

What is a con for a treated wall foundation?

A

Prone to dampness, interior and
exterior decay, foundation leaking, bowing
and buckling…

56
Q

Precast foundation wall and pros:

A

AKA Superior Walls

Pros:
No footings required

Pre-insulated

Fast installation (trucked to site and placed with a
crane)

57
Q

What are the cons to precast foundation walls?

A

Cons:
Requires specialized equipment (crane)

Specialized drainage system required

Insulation prone to termite infestation

58
Q

ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms) Pros:

A

Pros:
Well insulated

Easy construction

Air-tightness

Uses recycled materials

59
Q

What are the cons for ICF Foundation Walls?

A

Cons:
Cost

Best suited to moderate or hot climates

Construction Tech. 1 (1 decks)

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