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RAD 1001 > Foundation of Radiology > Flashcards

Foundation of Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

a basic unit of mstter consisting of a dense central nucelus surrounded by a cloud of negativley charged electrons

A

Atom

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2
Q

What is the accepeted model of the atom?

A

Electron cloud model/ Quatatum mechanics model

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3
Q

the production of ions, or the process of converting an atom into ions.
* Requires energy to overcome electrostatic foce that bind electron to nucelus

A

Ionization

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4
Q

Particles that can create ionization

A

Photons

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5
Q

the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves or particles.

A

Radiation

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6
Q

the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration(or decay) in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state

A

Radioactivity

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7
Q

any form of radiation that has enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms or molecules, creating ions.

A

Ionizing radiation

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8
Q

What radiation is used in dentistry?

A

X-ray radation

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9
Q

has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons from atoms.

Ex. kind of radiation are radio waves, visible light and microwaves.

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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10
Q

so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms (ionization).

can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and DNA in genes. Ionizing radiation comes from x-ray machines, cosmic particles from outer space, and radioactive elements.

A

Ionizing radiation

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11
Q

What are examples of non-ionizing radiation?

A
  1. Power lines
  2. Radio & cell phones
  3. Microwaves
  4. Infraraed
  5. Visable light
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12
Q

Examples of ionizing radiation

A
  1. UV light
  2. X-ray
  3. Gamma ray
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13
Q

What are the 5 major types of ionizing radiation?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma rays
  4. X-ray
  5. Neutrons
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14
Q

What rays of ionizing radaiton are the most dangerous and penatrative?

A

Neutron rays

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15
Q

Two forms of radiation?

A
  1. Electromagnetic (ionizing and non; pure energy no weight)
  2. Particle radtiation (ionizing; tiny fast particle with mass)
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16
Q

what can occur if alpha particles enter the bodu?

Particulate radiation , 2p2n

A

Damage of living tissues severe DNA damag, more dangerous than other radiation.

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17
Q

travel farther in air than alpha particles but can be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a thin layer of a substance such as aluminum.

Some ____ particles can penetrate the skin and causing damage such as skin burns. but more harmful within.

A

Beta Paricles

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18
Q

weightless packets of energy called photons. Can pass completely through the human body; as they pass through, they can cause ionizations that damage tissue and DNA.

A

Gamma Particles

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19
Q

Pure photons of energy, emitted from a process outside of the nucleus lower in energy & less penetrating.

A

X-ray

Electromagnetic radatiion

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20
Q

High speed nuclear particles, only one to make objects radioactive

A

Neutrons

particulate radiation

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21
Q

What are 6 diffrent examples of electormagenetic radation?

A
  1. X rays
  2. Gamma rays
  3. UV rays
  4. Visible light
  5. IR
  6. Radio waves
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22
Q

considers electromagnetic radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons, or quanta.

A

Quantum theory

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23
Q

the amount of energy acquired by one electron accelerating through a potential difference of one volt.

A

Electron Volt eV

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24
Q

The distanced between crest of one was and the next

A

Wavelength

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25
Q

What is relationship btwn wavelength, frequency, and energy

A

Longer wave lenght= lower frequency= lower energy

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26
Q

What is highest and lowest energy on electormagnetic scale?

A
  • Highest energy= shortest wavlenth= gamma rays
  • Llowest energy= longest wavelength= radio waves
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27
Q
  • invisble cannot be dected by senses
  • no mass or weight
  • no charge
  • speed of light
  • short λ high freq
  • travel straight or displaced by objects
  • absorbed by matter
  • Can penetrate and cause ionization
  • Flouresce
  • Produce image on film
A

Propeties of X-radiation

High-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation.

28
Q

What are the 3 parts of the machien

A
  1. Control panel
  2. Extension arm
  3. tube head
29
Q

What part of the machiene shoots the x-ray

A

Tube head

30
Q

is a tightly sealed, heavy metal housing that contains the x-ray tube that produces dental x-rays.

A

Tube Head

31
Q

X-rays are electric energy in the form of_____ into the tube head

A

form or electrons

32
Q

What is the source of electrons in the the tube head? (-) electrode

A

Cathode

thermonic emmssion

33
Q

A (-) charged ____ that then reuses the electrons by directing them in a beam at the corresponding ____

A

negative cathode to postive anode

34
Q

positive electrode, consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod. The purpose is to** convert electrons into x-ray photons.**

A

Anode

35
Q

Smaller focal spots produce a ____ image

A

Small focal spot= sharper image

35
Q
A
36
Q

The anode, which is composed of a highly stable material such as ____ , also serves to dissipate some of the heat created.

A

Tungsten

37
Q

Where are the electrons deaccelearated?

A

The Anode

38
Q

When electrons are deaccleated int he anode the energy is released in the form of heat and what?

A

X-ray photons

99%

39
Q

Remves obstruction to electorns

A

Vaccume chamber

40
Q

What accelarates the electrons?

A

A high voltage feild btwn the cathode and the anode

41
Q

Cotnain stray electrons & x-rays

A

Lead sheilding

42
Q

coiled wire made of tungsten, which produces electrons when heated.

A

Tungsten filament

cathode

43
Q

which focuses the electrons into a narrow beam and directs the beam across the tube toward the tungsten target of the anode.

A

Molybdenum cup

44
Q

what part on anode?

serves as a focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons.

A

Tungsten Target

45
Q

What part

functions to dissipate the heat away from the tungsten target.

A

Copper stem

46
Q

the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and that exits the tubehead.

A

Primary Raditation beam

inital x-ray to leave, straight trajectory

47
Q

x-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter.
less penetrating

A

Secondary Radiation beam

x-ray hiting the person

48
Q

form of secondary radiation and is the result of an x-ray that has been **deflected from its path by the interaction with matter. **

A

Scatter Radiation

dangerous to patient & radiographer

49
Q

What 3 things can happen to x-rays when they leave?

A
  1. Photon pass through pt. without interaction reach receptro
  2. photon absorbedby pt
  3. photonscatteredon to or away from the receptor
50
Q

When an x-ray photon collides with an inner-shell electron a ____ occurs. The photon is absorbed and ceases to exist, and a photoelectron with a negative charge is produced.

A

pholoelectric effect & absorbtion

51
Q

Photon collides with ouer shell and ejects electron, The photon is scattered in a different direction at a lower energy

A

Compton Scatter

52
Q

The low energy ejected electron is reffered to as a ?

A

Compton electron

53
Q

an x-ray photon is scattered and no loss of energy occurs,

A

Coherent Scatter

54
Q

produced through the photoelectric effect or Compton scatter and results in the formation of a positive atom and a dislodged negative electron

A

Ionization

55
Q

radiation injury suggests that x-ray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause the formation of toxins, which, in turn, damage the cell.

A

Indirect theory

56
Q

radiation injury suggests thatcell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critical areas, or targets, within the cell.

A

Direct theory

57
Q

Lethal DNA damage , cell death, decrease tissue & organ fxn.
* Xerostomia
* cataracts

A

Deterministic effects

increase severtity with higher dose

58
Q

Sub lethal DNA damage, gene mutation, replication of mutated cell
* leukemia
* thyroid cancer
* Cancer induction
* genetic mutation

A

Stochastic effects

low dose raditation, probability of effects increses with absorbed dose

59
Q

produces poor health in the exposed animal but does not produce mutations in subsequent generations.

A

Somatic mutation

60
Q

does not affect the exposed animal but produces mutations in future generations.

A

Genetic mutation

61
Q

What 3 characteristic of cells that determin radaiton effect on cells?

A
  1. Mitotic activity (higher worse)
  2. Cell differentiation (immature cells worse)
  3. cell metabolism (higher worse)

worse is more senstivte to radiaion

62
Q
  • Small lymphocyte
  • Bone marrrow
  • Reproductive cells
  • intersitial mucosa
A

Radio sensitive cells

high turnover of cells

63
Q
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nerve tissue
  • mature bone & cartilage
  • salivary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • kidney
  • liver
A

Radio resistant cells

64
Q

an organ that, if damaged, diminishes the quality of a person’s life

A

Critical organ

skin, thryoid glad, lens. of eye, bone marrow

65
Q

What measure of radation is used tradiaitonally?

A

Roentgen

RAD 1001 (2 decks)

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