Fortified Wines Flashcards
What are the VDL’s for the following French regions: Champagne? Cognac? Armagnac? Jura? Calvados?
- Champagne - Ratafia
- Cognac - Pineau des Charentes
- Armagnac - Floc de Gascogne
- Jura - Macvin du Jura
- Calvados - Pommeau
When was the Douro first demarcated?
1756
What is a mistelle?
It used to be for VDL’s that grape spirit was added to unfermented grape must. The EU has extended its definition to include all fortified wines.
Who oversees Port production?
IVDP (Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e Porto)
Who oversaw Port production from 1995 - 2003?
Commissão Interprofessional da Região Demarcada do Douro
Name 3 pagos in Jerez de la Frontera.
- Macharnudo
- Añina
- Carrascal
Who over saw the production of Port prior to 1995? When was it established?
The Casa do Douro - est. 1932 (Was a syndicate of growers’ guilds)
Why did the Casa do Douro lose most of its regulatory functions?
It purchased controlling shares in the Royal Oporto shipper, which was the surviving remnant of Companhia Geral dos Vinhos do Alto Douro
What oversight company was established in 1756?
Companhia Geral dos Vinhos do Alto Douro
What is Vinhos ao Alta?
A new planting system without terraces that plants vines in a vertical row leading directly up the slopes
What are patamares?
Wide terraces in the Douro
What are lagares?
Traditional, open granite troughs used to foot-crush and ferment port in
What are autovinifiers?
Algerian vinification technology in which the fermenting wine would be pumped over the cap by virtue of its own buildup of gas
What is lei do tergo?
“Law of third” - a decree restricting sales of Port to one-third of a house’s total inventory annually
What is “beneficio”?
Both the action and the amount that can be fortified, assigned by the IVDP
What is the total max points available for grading in the Douro? What scores an “A”?
- 2,361
- 1,200+
The beneficio is a matrix of 12 factors, what is the breakdown of those factors?
- Seven soil and climate factors: location, altitude, exposure, bedrock, rough matter, slope and shelter
- Five vine factors: type of vine, planting density, yield, training system, vine age
What are the max yields for the Douro?
- Red - 55hl/ha
- White - 65hl/ha
What percentage must preferred grapes constitute in the Douro? What are the preferred red grapes?
- Min 60% of the blend
- Preferred red grapes:
- Touriga Nacional
- Touriga Francesa
- Tinta Roriz
- Tinta Cão
- Tinta Barroca
- Tinta Amarela
- Tinta Francisca
- Bastardo
- Mourisco Tinto
What percentage must preferred grapes constitute in the Douro? What are the preferred white grapes?
- Min 60% of the blend
- Preffered white grapes:
- Gouveio
- Malvasia Fina
- Viosinho
- Rabigato
- Esgana Cão
- Folgasão
What is mutage known as in Portugal?
Beneficio
When does mutage generally occur in the Douro? What abv is it fortified to?
When ≈1/3 of the sugar has been converted to alcohol
-19-22% abv
What is aguardente?
(“burning water”)
-77% abv neutral grape spirit
What is the general ratio for aguardente to base wine in the fortification process?
Most Port it is added in a 1:4 ratio
Who pioneered rosé port? How is it made?
- Croft in the late 2000s
- Made with a lesser degree of maceration
What size is a pipe used in the Douro Valley? Used in Vila Nova de Gaia? Used for shipping?
- Douro - 550L
- Vila Nova de Gaia - 620L
- Used for shipping - 534.24L
Where was Port traditionally aged? When did that cease to be mandatory?
- Vila Nova de Gaia
- 1986
What are the 4 categories of Ruby Port?
- Ruby Port
- Ruby Reserve Port
- Vintage Port
- Single Quinta Port
What is “Vintage Character” Port?
It has been replaced by Ruby Reserve Port
How long must Vintage Port be aged in cask?
It is aged in cask before being bottle by July 30th of the 3rd year harvest
Vintage Port accounts for approximately what percentage of production?
1-3%
What are split vintages?
When back-to-back vintages are declare for Port
What are the 4 categories of Tawny Port?
- Tawny Port
- Reserve Tawny
- Tawny with Indication of Age
- Colheita Tawny
How long is Reserve Tawny aged prior to bottling?
7 years
What port may show rancio characters?
Tawny 40 year
How long will Colheita Tawny spend in cask?
min 7 years
What does the Port house Calem specialize in?
Colheita Tawny that they do not bottle until an order is received
What is “torna viagem”?
“round trip”
What are “poios”?
Terraces on Madeira
What are “latadas”?
The trellises of Madeira
What size is the average growers estate on Madeira?
0.3ha
Who oversees the production of Madeira?
IVBAM (The Wine, Embroidery, and Handcraft Institute of Madeira)
What is the capital of Madeira?
Funchal
What is the largest exporter of Madeira? How many exporters are there?
Justino Henriques
6 actively export
Who is the 2nd largest producer of Madeira? When was it formed?
- The Madeira Wine Co
- Formed as an association of exporters and producers in 1913
Who produces Blandy’s and Cossart Gordon
The Madeira Wine Co
Who is the largest independent producer of Madeira? What is significant about them?
- Henriques & Henriques
- It is the only company that owns a significant amount of vineyards
What are “partidistas”?
They store wines and sell it at maturity to other traders for a profit. They are similar to almacenistas of Sherry
What are the 8 production companies of Madeira?
- H.M. Borges (1877)
- Henriques & Henriques (1850)
- Madiera Wine Co (1913; originally formed as Madeira Wine Assocation; changed in 1981)
- Pereira D’Oliveira (1850; founded as a partidista)
- Vinhos Barbeito (1946)
- Vinhos Justino Henriques (1870)
- Faria & Filhos (1949)
- Artus de Barros e Sousa (1922; does not export)
What is the synonym for Gouveio on Madeira?
Verdelho
What is the synonym for Malvasia Fina on Madeira?
Boal
What is Malvasia Candida?
Malmsey - it was originally Malvasia Candida, now more commonly known as Malvasia Branca de São Jorge
What is Malvasia Branca de São Jorge?
A synonym for Malmsey
What % of production does Tinta Negra account for?
85.00%
What is the min % for variety to be listed: for Multi-vintage? For vintage?
- Multi-vintage - 85%
- Vintage - 100%
- Tinta Negra is not allowed to be listed on the label
When did phylloxera hit Madeira?
1872
Name 3 hybrids that were imported to Madeira after phylloxera?
Cunningham, Jacquet, Isabella
What two noble varieties were not replanted on Madeira after phylloxera?
Bastardo (Red) & Terrantez (White)
How much Bastardo was produced on Madeira in 2010?
4.5L
How many hectares were under vine prior to the 1870s? Today?
-Prior to 1870s - 3,000ha
-Today - under 500
Bananas fetch growers a higher wage
What 2 varieties are generally picked first on Madeira? Last?
- First - Boal & Malmsey
- Last - Sercial & Verdelho
What is the abv of the grape spirit used on Madeira?
95% (imported from France)
In the Estufa process, what temp are the wines heated to? For how long?
- 45-50ºC (113-122ºF)
- 3 Months
What is “estágio”?
The state of rest, for a min 90 days, after heating in the estufa process, before the wine is transferred to oak
Describe the armazens de calor.
- A more delicated estufagem process.
- The wine is placed in rooms, and warmed by tanks or steam pipes nearby
- Chiefly used by the Madeira Wine Co
- Lower temps over a longer period of time - up to 1 year
Describe the Canteiro process. How long is the minimum? What is the min time before it can be bottled?
- Used for the best wines
- Aged in cask for min 2 years in lodge attics
- Naturally warmed by the sun
- May be bottled at min 3 years
What is “Rainwater” Madeira? What is the min age? Style?
- Multi-vintage
- Usually 100% Tinta Negra
- min 3 years
- med-dry, and light in style
What is “Seleccionado” Madeira? What is the min age?
- Multi-vintage
- Often labeled “finest”, “choice”, or “select”
- Included blended wine that is at least 3-5 y/o
- Dominated by Tinta Negra
- Heated in Estufagem in stainless rather than cask
How old is “Reserva” Madeira?
Multi-vintage - 5-10 years old
Why styles of Multi-Vintage Madeira are usually noble variety and canteiro processed?
- Special Reserva
- Extra Reserve
- 20, 30, & 40 years old
- Solera
How old is Special Reserva Madeira?
10-15 years old
How old is Extra Reserve Madeira?
15-20 years old
Does the EU permit Solera Madeira?
No, but it is still available on the island
What is the max that may be drawn off a Madeira Solera? How many additions may be made to each solera?
- 10%
- 10 additions
What is the min % of the vintage for a Colheita Madeira?
min 85% required
What word is interestingly banned from appearing on a Colheita Madeira label?
Vintage
What are the 3 types of Madeira that underwent an ocean journey across the equator? What producer made these into the early 1900s?
- Vinhos da Roda
- Vinho da Torna
- Vinho da Volta
-Shortridge Lawton (now a Madeira Wine co brand)
What autonomía of Spain in Sherry produced in?
Andalucía
When did Sherry get protected as an appellation?
1933 - with the establishment of the Consejo Regulador