Formulas & Ratios * some OEICs/ UT Etc Flashcards
What is the Theoretical ex- rights price formula?
(Existing value + Value of new
shares)/Total number of shares post issue
What does the Theoretical ex- rights price demonstrate?
The theoretical ex- rights pr ice is the
pr ice the original shares are
expected to move to as a result of
the rights issue.
The ex- rights pr ice will always be
lower than the cur rent pr ice, due to
the diluting effect of purchasing new
shares at a discount .
ABC Ltd have announced a 1 for 3
rights issue, with the new shares
discounted to £2 f rom the cur rent
share price of £2.50.
What is ex-rights price?
(3 x £2.50) + ( 1 x £2) = £9.50
Ex- rights price = £9.50/4 = £2.37
What is the Ex-bonus/scrip issue share price formula?
(Existing value of shares)/Total
number of shares post issue
What does the Ex-bonus/scrip issue share price demonstrate?
The ex-bonus/scrip issue price is the
price the original shares are expected to move to as a result of the issue.
As a bonus/scrip issue involves issuing additional shares at no cost , the effect will be to dilute the share price.
The total value of the shareholding
should be unaffected.
ABC Ltd have announced a 1 for 3 bonus issue. The current share price is £2.50.
Work out the Ex-bonus/scrip issue share price
(3 x £2.50)/4 = £1.87
Pre- issue holding = 3 x £2.50 = £7.50
Post - issue holding = 4 x £1.87 = £7.50
What is the Operating profit margin & Operating profit formula?
Operating profit margin
= (Operating profit/Sales) x 100%
Operating profit = Sales – Cost of Sales
Net profit margin calculation is very similar , but uses net profit on the numerator .
what does the Operating profit margin & Operating profit demonstrate?
Shows how efficiently a company is being run and how well they are using their operational resources (labour , materials etc. ) to generate sales.
A high operating profit margin suggests that the company has either increased sales or reduced the costs associated with sales.
XYZ Ltd made sales of £3,500,000.
Their operating costs for the year totalled £2,500,000.
work out the Operating profit margin & Operating profit
Operating profit = £3,500,000 -
£3,000,000 = £500,000
Operating profit margin
= (£500,000/£3,500,000) x 100% = 14.28%
What is the ROCE and capital employed formula?
Return on capital employed
(ROCE)
= (Profit before int . and
tax/capital employed) x 100%
Capital employed = Total Assets
– Current Liabilities
What does the ROCE demonstrate?
ROCE differs from ROE in that it shows the return, pre- tax and interest , the company is providing in relation to net total assets (which will include shareholder funds,
retained earnings and long term borrowing)
ROCE is a more comprehensive ratio than ROE and therefore is more useful when comparing to other companies.
ABC paid interest of £5,000 and tax of £12,500. They have total assets of £600,000 and cur rent liabilities of £75,000.
Work out the ROCE?
ROCE = (£50,000 + £12,500 + £5,000)/(£600,000 - £75,000) x
100% = 12.86%
What is the ROE and total equity formula?
Return on equity (ROE)
= (Net profit after tax/total equity) x 100%
Total equity = share capital + share premium + retained earnings
What does the ROE demonstrate?
Measures the return the company is providing on the funds provided by their shareholders.
A high ROE would demonstrate that the company is making best use of the funds raised f rom shareholders.
ABC Ltd has made net profit after tax of £50,000. The total equity of the company was valued at £500,000.
work out the ROE?
ROE = (£50,000/£500,000) x 100%
= 10%
What is the gearing ratio formula?
(Total Debt/Capital employed)
x 100%
What does the gearing ratio demonstrate
Indicates the sensitivity of the company’s profits to a change in interest rates.
Shows how highly leveraged a company is ( i.e. how reliant they are on borrowing to generate sales and profits) .
A high gearing rat io may lead to problems with further borrowing or may even lead to potential insolvency.
Total debt = £200,000 + £50,000 =
£250,000
Capital employed = £525,000
what is the gearing ratio?
Gearing ratio = (£250,000/£525,000)
x 100%
= 47.62%
What is the interest cover ratio formula?
= Profit before interest and
tax/Gross interest
What does the interest cover demonstrate?
Indicates the sensitivity of the company’s profits to a change in interest rates.
Shows how many times the interest payment could have been made of
the company’s profits.
A high interest cover shows that the
company can sustainably meet their debt servicing, even in times of declining profits.
The main limitation is that this measure is a snap-shot in time.
Profit before interest and tax =
£50,000 + £12,500 + £5,000 =
£67,500
work out the interest cover?
Interest Cover = £67,500/£5,000 =
13.5 times
What is the current ratio / working capital formula
= Current Assets/Current Liabilities
Current Assets are those which
are expected to be liquidated and
utilized within 12 months ( i.e. stock, cash) .
Current Liabilities are those which are expected to be paid within 12 months ( i.e. short term loans, tax payable) .
What is the liquidity ratio formula?
(Current Assets – Stock)/Current Liabilities
What does the current ratio and liquidity ratio demonstrate?
Measures the liquidity within a
company, i.e. whether sufficient cash can be generated through normal business/liquidating stock to repay short term liabilities when they arise.
The liquidity ratio goes an additional step and takes stock out of the equation to focus predominantly on the company’s cash business.
A low ratio ( less than 1.5 for working
capital or 1 for liquidity ratio) would suggest that the company could suffer insolvency in the near future.
A high working capital ratio may suggest that the company is currently holding too much stock.
DEF Ltd has valued thei r cur rent
stock at £850,000 and holds cash in
the bank of £800,000. The company
has short term loans worth
£1,000,000.
Work out the liquidity ratio and current ratio
Working capital ratio
= (£850,000 + £800,000)/
£1,000,000 = 1.65
Liquidity ratio
= £800,000/£1,000,000 = 0.8
What is the interest yield formula?
= (Coupon/Clean Price) x 100%
What does the interest yield on a bond demonstrate?
The annual income provided by the bond as a per centage of what you would currently have to pay for it.
Used as a measure of performance to evaluate against other securities /investments .
Peter is interested in a bond which is
currently pr iced at £98 per £100 nominal. It has a coupon of 5%.
Interest yield = (5/98) x 100% = 5.1%
What is the redemption yield formula?
Work out the gain or loss at maturity as a % of the current price;
((Nominal Value – Clean Price) /Clean price) x 100%
Divide this by the number of years to maturity to work out the annual gain/ loss as a %;
% Gain (or loss) at maturity/Term to maturity
Add (for a gain) or subtract (for a loss) f rom the interest yield.
Interest yield +(-) % gain (or loss) /Term to maturity
What does the redemption yield demonstrate
measure of performance/return which
takes not only income/ coupon payment s
into consideration but al so capital gain
or loss if held to maturity .
If the RY < IY, then the bondholder will
make a loss if they hold the bond to maturity .
If the RY > IY, then the bondholder will make a gain if they hold the bond to maturity .
Peter is interested in a bond which is
currently pr iced at £98 per £100
nominal. It has a coupon of 5%.
Let us assume the bond has 5 years to maturity.
what is the redemption yield
Gain or loss at maturity as % of current price
= ((£100 - £98) /£98) x 100% = 2.04%
Annual gain/ loss
= 2.04%/5 years = 0.41% per year
Redemption yield
= 5.1% + 0.41% = 5.51%
As the RY is higher than the IY, Peter
stands to make a gain if he holds the
bond to maturity.
What is the modified duration formula?
Duration/ (1 + GRY)
Duration refers to the length of time in years i t will take to repay the bond pr ice with cash-flows from it (coupons and redemption value). I t is sometimes refer red to as Macaulay Duration.
What does modified duration demonstrate?
The modified duration provides an
indication of the bond’ s sensitivity to changes in interest rates .
In particular, the modified duration relates to the percentage fall expected
in a bond price should interest rates increase by 1%
Redemption yield = 5.51%
lets assume the duration
of his bond was 4.54 years.
Work out the modified duration
Modified duration = 4.54/ (1.0551) =
4.30%.
This means that the price of the bond would be expected to fall by 4.30% if interest rates increase by 1%.
What is the EPS formula?
Profit attributable to ord shareholders
Number of ordinary shares in issue
what does the EPS demonstrate?
Trends in the company ’ s profitability
How the company measures up to other
companies in relation to profitability
ABC Ltd made profits of £10,000,000 in
2016. They have 750,000 ordinary shares in
issue.
work out the EPS?
EPS = £10,000,000/750,000 = £13.33 per
share
what is the P/E ratio formula?
= Cur rent share price/EPS
what does the P/E Ratio demonstrate
Shows how highly the investors value the
earnings of the company .
A high P/E ratio typical l y demonstrates that
The investors are willing to pay more for
shares and that demand is high, or
The share price may be over valued based upon the profits generated
ABC Ltd made profits of £10,000,000 in
2016. They have 750,000 ordinary shares in
issue.
current share price us £100
work out the P/E Ratio?
P/E ratio = £100/£13.33 = 7.5
what is the DPS formula?
= Total Dividend paid/No of shares in
issue
what does the DPS demonstrate
The level of profits distributed to the
shareholders .