Formulas pt 2 Flashcards
Forward Pricing Model
P(T* + T) = P(T*) * F(T*,T)
- Investment 1: Buy zero coupon bond par value $1 that matures in T* + T yrs. bond will cost $1 * P(T* + T), P(T*+T) is discount factor for payment received at T*+T
- Investment 2: Enter into forward contract valued at F(T*,T) to buy (@T*) a zero coupon bond w/ par value $1 that matures @T. Bond will cost P(T*)F(T*,T) today.
Relationship between Spot and Forward Rates
xS0 = [(1 + 1S0)(1+1f1)(1+1f2)(1+1f3)…(1+1fx-1)]^(1/x) - 1
Yield Curve Factor Model
Delta(P)/P ~= -D,L * Change(X,L) - D,S * Change(X,S) - D,C * Change(X,C)
D,L = sensitivity of portfolio valuation to parallel shift in yield curve
D,s = Sensitivity of port val to change in slope
D,C = Sensitivity of port val to change in curvature
Value of Callable Bond
=Value of straight bond - Value of embedded call option
Value of Putable Bond
=Value of straight bond + value of embedded put option
Effective Duration
= [PV(-) - PV(+)] / (2 x PV,0 x Change(Curve))
-Effective Duration of callable and putable bonds cannot exceed the effective duration of otherwise identical option-free bond
Effective Convexity
= [PV(-) + PV(+) - 2PV,0] / [Change(curve)^2 x PV,0]
- Callable bonds exhibit positive convexity at high rates and negative convexity at low rates. Convexity of a callable bond turns negative when call option is near the money
- Putable bonds exhibit positive convexity throughout all rate environments, as do straight bonds. Convexity of putable bonds becomes greater than that of straight bond when put is near the money
Value of Capped Floater
=Value of uncapped floater - value of embedded cap
Value of Floored Floater
=Value of nonfloored floated + value of embedded floor
Conversion Value
=Market price common stock * Conversion ratio
Market Conversion Price
= Mrkt price of convertible security / conversion ratio
Market conversion premium per share
= Market conversion price - current market price
-This resembles the price of a call option
Market Conversion Premium Ratio
= Market conversion Premium per share / market price common stock
Conversion Premium Over Straight Value
= (Market price convertible bond / Straight Value) - 1
–Represents the downside risk of a convertible bond. All else equal, a higher conversion premium over straight value, the less attractive the convertible bond . This is flawed in the the straight value is not fixed but changes with changes in rates and spreads
Convertible Security Value
= Straight Value + Value of call option on stock
Bond Value, Credit Exposure
[Expected exposure x (1 - default rate)] + (Amt recovered * default rate)
Probability of Default (POD), CDS
= [Loss given default (LGD) * expected loss] / 100
-This is the most important concept when it comes to CDS pricing
POD,t
= POS,t-1 * Hazard rate
POS,t
= POS,t-1 - POD,t
Change in Bond Price, Credit Spread
= -MD * (New credit rating spread - original credit rating spread)
LGD,t
=Exposure,t - recovery,t
Recovery,t
=Exposure,t * recovery rate,t
LGD, CDS
= 1 - recovery rate
Payout Amount, CDS
= LGD * Notional Amount
