Formulas

Question 1

Intensity of selection

Answer 1

I=S/O
intensity= selection differential/standard deviation

Question 2

Breeders equaton

Answer 2

R=h^2S
response= heritability X Selection differential

Question 3

Quantitive genetics

Answer 3

Vp= Va+Vg+Ve
Phenotypic variance= Additive genetic variance+Non-additive genetic variance+Environmental and genetic variance

Question 4

Coefficient of variaton

Answer 4

CV= standard deviation/mean

Question 5

Vector of responses

Answer 5

R= Va X directional selection gradient
Responses= additive genetic variance X directional selesction gradient

Question 6

Estimating phenotype

Answer 6

Animal model phenotype= population mean+Addtive genetic component (breeding value)+fixed effects +error

Question 7

Parasite intrinsic reproductive rate

Answer 7

Transmission of new cases (R0)= (transmission rateXHost population desity)/(Deaths due to disease+disease free deaths+recovery)
If >1 epidemic

Question 8

Fixation index

Answer 8

Fixation index(Mean Heterozygosity total pop-sub pop)/mean heterozygosity total pop
Big value can indicate differences within shrinking or between growing

Question 9

finding standard deviation

Answer 9

Find the mean of the data
Subtract the mean from each data point
Square each of the differences
Add up the squared differences
Divide the sum by the number of data points
Take the square root of the result

Question 10

Selection differential

Answer 10

Selection differential = trait mean after -before

Question 12

Narrow sense heritability

Answer 12

H^2= additive variance / total phenotypic variance

Question 13

Broad sense heritability

Answer 13

Heritability = ( additive variance + epistaifc variance + dominance variance)/phenotypic variance

Question 14

Phenotypic variance

Answer 14

Phenotypic variance = genetic variance +environmental variance