Forming Impressions Flashcards
Availability Heuristic
Our probability estimates are affected by how easy it is to think of examples
Dispositional Attribution:
We attribute the behaviour to the personality of the individual and not the situation.
False Consensus Effect:
We tend to believe more people share our views than they actually do.
Fundamental Attribution Error:
We have a tendency to over-estimate dispositional attributes and under-estimate situational attributes especially when judging the behaviour of others.
Illusory Correlation
When individuals believe that two variables are related even though there is no evidence for that relationship. This is particularly relevant to the formation of stereotypes.
Implicit Association Test (IAT):
A speeded categorization task where participants categorize stimuli into four different categories using two response keys. Categories are paired so that two categories require one response key and two categories require the other response key. If the participant completing the task views two categories requiring the same response as related, their performance on the IAT will be fast and accurate. If instead, two related categories require different responses, their performance on the IAT will be slower with more errors. This test can help to reveal the presence of unconscious stereotype.
Representativeness Heuristic
We tend to judge a sample (a particular outcome) to be likely to occur if it is similar to the population from which it was selected, even if it’s not statistically probable.
Self-Serving Bias
We tend to view our personal successes as reflecting our true abilities and failures as flukes of circumstance.
Self-Serving Bias
We attribute the behaviour to the situation and not the disposition (personality trait) of the individual.
Cognitive Heuristics
Processing speed of social perceptions are shaped by heuristics to automatically make quick decisions about incoming information from the environment
Above Average Effect
Identifying dispositional causes for our successes, but situational causes for failures, giving exaggerated view of your abilities
bias in believing we are above average in things that matter to us
Self Serving Bias
Refers to your tendency to perceive yourself favourably
Fundamental attribution error and actor-observer effect can lead to this
Blame things on situational to explain the outcome
Collectivist Societies
Fundamental error attribution is diminished in collectivist societies
American winners - attribute winning to determination and talent
Japanese - attribute winning to success of coaching team and organization
The Actor/Observer Effect
Considering and over valuing the situational factors for our own behaviours rather than considering attributional
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency for people to place emphasis on attributional characteristics of a person, rather than external situational factors
