Formative neuro Qs

Question 1

Where are the sinuses located?

Answer 1

Between the meningeal and periosteal dural layers

Question 2

Where is cerebrospinal fluid re-absorbed into?

Answer 2

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 3

How does venous blood leave the brain and return to the heart?

Answer 3

Internal jugular vein

Question 4

Does the cavernous sinus receive blood from the orbit?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Where does the straight sinus receive venous blood from?

Answer 5

The inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein

Question 6

What artery carries blood to the motor cortex of the right leg?

Answer 6

Left anterior cerebral artery

Question 7

What are berry aneurysms?

Answer 7

a small saccular aneurysm of a cerebral artery, usually at the junction of vessels in the circle of Willis

Question 8

The middle cerebral artery is a direct continuation of what artery?

Answer 8

Interbal carotid artery

Question 9

What is Broca’s area also known as?

Answer 9

Brodmann’s area 44

Question 10

What does the corticospinal tract pass between in the internal capsule?

Answer 10

Basal ganglia and thalamus to enter the cerebral peduncle

Question 11

Does the location of a stroke in the motor cortex or internal capsule affect its impact?

Answer 11

A stroke affecting the motor cortex will result in a lesser neurological deficit than the same sized stroke affecting the internal capsule

Question 12

Which direction do lower motor neurone leave the spinal cord?

Answer 12

Anteriorly (ventrally)

Question 13

What do alpha and gamma motor neurones innervate?

Answer 13

ALpha - extrafusal muscle fibres

Gamma - intrafusal muscle fibres

Question 14

Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neurones located?

Answer 14

In the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 15

Where are the axons of upper motor neurones located in the spinal cord?

Answer 15

Lateral white matter

Question 16

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

Answer 16

medullary pyramids

Question 17

How are the fibres of the corticospinal tract organised?

Answer 17

Somatotopically

(Lower extremity fibres located Laterally.
Upper extremity and head fibres located more medially.)

Question 18

Where are muscle spindles found?

Answer 18

In skeletal muscles - composed of extrafusal muscle

Question 19

What are muscle fibres of the spindle innervated by?

Answer 19

gamma motor neurons

Question 20

what does a muscle spindle detect and do?

Answer 20

Contributes to the change in muscle resistance to stretch following a stroke.

Detects muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 21

What does the Golgi tendon organ do?

Answer 21

Detects changes in muscle tension. They measure the force developed by muscle and any resultant change in length.

Question 22

Where are Golgi tendons located?

Answer 22

Junction of skeletal muscle and tendon

Question 23

What are the properties of the plasma membrane of neurons?

Answer 23

• Excitable
• contains many active transport pumps
• negative resting potential inside compared to outside

Question 23

How does a neurone maintain a resting membrane potential?

Answer 23

Through Na+/k+ pumps

• membrane is more permeable to K
• Na+ channels open causing influx of Na+ into the neurone (depolarisation)
• K+ channels open so moves out of cell (depolarisation)

Question 24

What is the refractory period?

Answer 24

A time during which a second stimulus, needs to be stronger to produce a second action potential

Question 25

Which neurones have synaptic clefts?

Answer 25

Only chemical neurones

electrical have gap junctions

Question 26

Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 26

Cn III (oculomotor), 
Cn 7 (facial), 
Cn X (vagus), 
Cn IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 27

How will damage to Cn V affect the eye?

Answer 27

Damage will result in loss of corneal (blink) reflex on the affected side

Question 28

How does Cn VII exit the skull?

Answer 28

Internal acoustic meatus

- runs a course which is closely related to the middle ear

Question 29

What is nystagmus? And damage to what nerve causes it?

Answer 29

Rapid eye movements

Cn VIII

Question 30

What nerve innervated the muscle of the tongue and pharynx?

Answer 30

Hypoglossal

Question 31

Where are the cell bodies of the hypoglossal nerve located?

Answer 31

Medulla

Question 32

What does the hypoglossal supply?

Answer 32

Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Question 33

What is the route of the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 33

Conveys nociceptive (pain) info contra laterally up the spinal cord to the contralateral thalamus

Question 34

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

Answer 34

• Lower motor neuron paralysis on the ipsilateral side

- loss of pain and temp from 2 vertebral segments below on opposite side

Question 35

How does the middle ear protect the ear from sound damage? And what is sensory part innervated by?

Answer 35

• the stiffness of the ossicullar chain can be modified by two muscles (tensor tympani & stapedius) of the middle ear
• innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 36

How is sound transmitted through the middle ear?

Answer 36

• Sound is received from the tympani membrane via malleus, incus and stapes
• enters oval window
  exits through round window (which vibrates with opposite phase to oval window allowing fluid in cochlear to move)

Question 37

Where is the organ of corti located?

Answer 37

It is a specialised structure which rest on there basilar membrane and contains auditory sensory cells

Question 38

Which ends of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies?

Answer 38

Base (narrower) -> high frequency

Apex (wider) -> low frequency

Question 39

What is the function of the semi-circular canal?

Answer 39

To detect rotational acceleration and deceleration; gravity and linear detected by otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)

Question 40

What is the function of the otolithic organs?

Answer 40

Utricle & saccule

• to signal the position of the head at rest
• filled with endolymph