Formative Assessment Pointers Week 3 Flashcards
Specialised cells in the nasal cavity involved in smell and taste
Olfactory epithelial cell
Squamous epithelial cells found in the alveolar sac.
Type I pneumocyte
The cells of the pulmonary capillaries which contribute to the blood-air barrier.
endothelial cell
A small area of infection at the periphery of the mid-zone of the lung, seen in tuberculosis
Ghon Focus
Often opportunistic, these organisms tend to affect immunocompromised patients and are usually caused by inhaled spores or reactivation of latent disease
Fungal Infection
A lung mass that may mimic a tumour, created in an attempt to wall off a pathogen or foreign body. Involves macrophages and may have a necrotic core
Granuloma
Provides motor innervation to the intercostal muscles and anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
Intercostal nerves
Provides motor innervation to the soft palate and intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Vagus Nerve CN X
Stimulation triggers a reflex cough response
Glossopharyngeal nerve CN XI and vagus nerve CN X
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 6-16 weeks’ gestation. It involves the development of multiple branches of the bronchial tree down to the level of the terminal bronchioles.
Pseudoglandular
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 26 days’ and 6 weeks’ gestation. It involves the first stages of lung development, and sees the formation of the lungs’ lobes and segments
Embryonic
The germ layer that forms the cartilage and smooth muscle in the thorax.
Visceral Mesoderm
The structure that is seen to develop by 28 days’ gestation, found inferior to the trachea.
Bronchial Buds
The stage of lung maturation that takes place between 36 weeks’ gestation and early childhood and involves further maturation of the alveoli.
Alveolar
Widespread infection throughout the lung, seen where the organism has spread via the bloodstream
Miliary TB
A focus of infection with a fibrous wall, making antibiotic treatment difficult
Lung Abscess
A lung mass that is a primary pulmonary condition that can cause systemic effects and B symptoms, and can metastasise
Bronchial Carcinoma
Provides motor innervation to the diaphragm
Phrenic Nerves
Innervate the abdominal wall with somatic sensory, somatic motor and sympathetic nerve supply
Thoracoabdominal nerves
A phagocytic cell that migrates up the bronchial tree and is eventually swallowed. Also known as a dust cell.
Alveolar macrophage
The majority cell type lining the terminal bronchioles.
Cuboidal epithelial cell
An immunologically active cell recruited to the lungs in the later stages of inflammation
Lymphocyte
An infection affecting the distal airspaces, usually accompanies by an inflammatory exudate causing consolidation
Pneumonia
Fixed dilatation of the bronchi, usually as a result of scarring or distal to a chronic obstruction. Causes the accumulation of purulent secretions
Bronchiectasis
A collection of pus in the pleural space, which can be seen on a chest X-ray as a D-shaped abnormality
Empyema
The initial stage in tumour development where cells gross appearance and histological findings are altered but there is no malignancy
sqaumous metaplasia
A tumour which produces keratin pearls, and may produce thyroid transcription factor.
Squamous carcinoma
A lung cancer which is only treated by chemotherapy but may become rapidly resistant to treatment.
Small cell lung cancer
A mucus-producing cell found within respiratory epithelium.
Goblet cell
A non-ciliated cell found in terminal bronchioles. Acts as an immune modulator and stem cell and is able to produce surfactant
Clara cell
A polygonal cell that releases surfactant from lamellar bodies within its cytoplasm
type 2 pneumocyte
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with very few goblet cells. No cartilage. Lamina propria of smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres
Bronchioles
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
Nasal Cavity
The germ layer that forms the lining of the trachea and bronchial tree.
Endoderm
The structure that develops on the anterior foregut and is the first respiratory structure to develop.
Respiratory Diverticulum
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells. Incomplete cartilage rings. Basal lamina. Lamina propria of connective tissue and elastic fibres. Submucosa of loose connective tissue and subserous glands
trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells covering cartilage and intrinsic muscles.
Larynx excluding the vocal cords
Stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by respiratory epithelium
Vocal Folds
An 18 year old man is admitted with sudden onset shortness of breath and is complaining of right-sided chest pain. On examination he is tachycardic, tachypnoeic and hypertensive. His right side is hyperresonant when percussed. His PA chest X-ray shows a line parallel to the right chest wall.
Right sided tension pneumothorax
A 60 year old woman is admitted to hospital by her GP. She has been unwell for the past few days and has not responded to the GP’s initial treatment. On examination she is tachycardic, tachypnoeic, pyrexial and mildly hypertensive. On percussion her right middle zone is dull. Her PA chest X-ray shows loss of the right heart border.
Right middle lobe pneumonia
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On PA chest X-ray his right horizontal fissure is displaced. There is an opacity in his upper right zone
Right upper lobe collapse
Stimulation triggers a reflex sneeze response
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Provides sensory innervation to the nasal mucosa and motor innervation to the soft palate
Trigeminal nerve
Spreads along alveolar walls before becoming a truly invasive adenocarcinoma
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
A malignant tumour which produces mucin, and glands may be visible on histology
Adenocarcinoma
The final stage in tumour development before becoming malignant.
Carcinoma in situ
A patient is admitted with pyrexia, dyspnoea and a productive cough. On chest X-ray, the left heart border is obscured.
Lingular pneumonia
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On chest X-ray his left oblique fissure is displaced, and the medial left hemidiaphragm is obscured.
Left lower lobe collapse
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On lateral chest X-ray his oblique fissure seems to be very anterior, and on PA chest X-ray his left heart border is obscured and there is a veil-like opacity.
Left upper lobe collapse
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells with hyaline cartilage rings and cartilage plates
Main bronchi
A patient is admitted with pyrexia, dyspnoea and a productive cough. On chest X-ray, the left heart border is obscured
Lingular pneumonia
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On chest X-ray his left oblique fissure is displaced, and the medial left hemidiaphragm is obscured
Left Lower Lobe Collapse
A 20 year old male patient complains of shortness of breath. On lateral chest X-ray his oblique fissure seems to be very anterior, and on PA chest X-ray his left heart border is obscured and there is a veil-like opacity.
Left upper lobe collapse
