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B2 > Formative > Flashcards

Formative Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the surface marking for the oblique and horizontal pulmonary fissures?

A

Oblique: T2/T3 to the 6th CC

Horizontal (R lung only): laterally from 4th CC to where it meets the oblique fissure

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2
Q

What are the different stem cell potencies?

A 
Totipotent = any cell type (embryonic or extraembryonic)
Pluripotent = any embryonic cell type
Multipotent = any different but related cell (myeloid/lymphoid lineage)
Oligopotent = any closely related cell type
Unipotent = same cell type
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3
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups located?

A

Medulla (compression = respiratory arrest)

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4
Q

What are Leavell & Clarke’s levels of prevention?

A

Primary prevention = pre-disease state to prevent it developing in the first place

Secondary prevention = early intervention/screening to halt or delay disease progression

Tertiary prevention = targets symptoms to prevent disease progression (rehab/pain management programmes)

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5
Q

Which factor links the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways?

A

Factor X = final common pathway

Prothrombin -> Thrombin -> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

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6
Q

How can you differentiate between stained eosinophils and basophils?

A 
Eosinophils = purple bibolbular nucleus and red stained granules
Basophils = large purple stained granules
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7
Q

What do neutrophils and monocytes look like when stained?

A

Neutrophils = fine grained pink cytoplasm and trilobular nucleus
Monocytes (B/T cells) = non granular cytoplasmic appearance and non lobular nucleus

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8
Q

What cardiac defect is abnormal separation of the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis going to lead to? How do these normally separate?

A

Membranous ventricular septal defect

Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided into the aorta and pulmonary trunk (by splitting of the R and L ventricular outflows) by formation of the aorticopulmonary septum

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9
Q

What type of hearing loss and why, will chronic secretory otitis media lead to? (glue ear)

A

Conductive hearing loss - chronic build up of mucus secretions in the middle ear will affect transmission of sound vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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10
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery (PIVA) supply?

A

Posterior 1/3 of IV septum and the AV node

heart is RCA or LCA dominant depending on which gives rise to the PIVA

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11
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior IV septum and AV bundles?

A

Anterior interventricular artery (same as LAD) (comes off LCA_

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12
Q

What’s the motor innervation of the pharyngeal nerves?

A

CN X

Except for stylopharyngeus CN IX

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13
Q

What does stridor indicate?

A

Blockage in respiratory tract

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14
Q

How can RLN damage cause stridor/weak voice? (Bilateral damage is medical emergency)

A

RLN innervates most muscles in the larynx
Innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid which abducts the vocal folds - paralysis will cause the cords to be in the adducted position = airway less patent

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15
Q

Where does lymph from the middle lobe of the right lung drain to?

A

Right subclavian (lymph nodes palpable here)

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16
Q

Why would left sided lung cancer result in a hoarse voice?

A

RLN is close in proximity to the L lung hilum (recurs under arch of aorta)

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17
Q

What’s the life span of a healthy RBC?

A

120 days

18
Q

When the minute volume is increased what will happen to the pH?

A

Blowing off more CO2 = respiratory alkalosis so pH will increase

19
Q

Which component of the flow volume loop most reliable measures airway diameter?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Principle of asthma test and peak flow rate

20
Q

How is SIRS diagnosed?

A

Temp > 38
RR > 20
HR > 90

21
Q

How do severe sepsis and septic shock differ?

A

Severe sepsis = SIRS + infection + organ failure
Shock = sepsis + hypotension

Sepsis = SIRS to infection

22
Q

What’s the action of Heparin?

A

Blocks the activation of coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway
Enhances action of antithrombin III to prevent conversion of thrombinogen to thrombin (for fibrin formation)
Limits conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin = prevents consolidation of haemostatic plug

23
Q

What’s the cell type in type I and IV hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1 = IgE antibody immediate response

Type 4 = cell mediated, T lymphocytes

24
Q

Where is the anterior interventricular artery in relation to the aortic valve?

A

Anterior interventricular artery is above the left posterior cusp of the aortic valve

25
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for atheroma formation?

A

Hyperlipidaemia
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus

26
Q

What are the components of an atheromatous plaque?

A 
Fibrous connective tissue
Scattered smooth muscle cells
Macrophages
Foam cells
T lymphocytes
Cholesterol crystals
Cell debris
27
Q

What are social explanations for IHD being more prevalent in men?

A

Occupational differences: mens work environments more stressful/hazardous
Differences in health related risk behaviours: men more likely to smoke
Differences in health service use: women more likely to go to GP so more likely to prevent IHD by primary/secondary prevention

28
Q

Why does sinus congestion result in a frontal headache?

A

Increased pressure in the sinuses, innervated by CN Va allows pain referral to the meninges as also innervated by CN Va

29
Q

What’s the role of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Pressure equalisation

30
Q

How does the nasal mucosa become oedematous in colds?

A

Inflammatory process - inflammation causes microvasculature to become more leaky therefore plasma proteins can leak out into the interstitium causing oedema as water will follow

31
Q

Describe the location of the superior mediastinum

A

Between the lungs, below the thoracic inlet (rib 1) and above the sternal plane

32
Q

In cystic fibrosis a thick mucus plug blocks the airways - how does this affect gas exchange

A

No gas exchange can occur as airways blocked by mucus aren’t being ventilated = shunt forms to direct blood to other areas of the lung that are better ventilated to reduce to V/Q mismatch (by hypoxic vasoconstriction)

33
Q

When is it permissible to disclose information about someone without their consent?

A

When required to by law
If the patient lacks capacity and disclosure is in their best interests
When it’s in the public interest as patient may pose public threat
If the person is a child and you have parental consent
Sharing information within the healthcare team for the benefit of the patients care

34
Q

What are ethical justifications to maintain/support confidentiality?

A

Respect for patient autonomy means they should be able to say what happens to their information
Consequence of breaching confidentiality could harm the patient and lead to mistrust in the doctor-patient relationship
Trustworthiness is seen as a virtue that doctors should have and a trustworthy doctor would maintain confidentiality (implied promise that confidentiality will be maintained)

35
Q

What changes occur as an erythrocyte develops from a pro erythroblast?

A

Decrease in cell size
Loss of organelles and extrusion of the nucleus
Production of Hb
Acquisition of bioconcave shape

36
Q

What’s the feedback system that occurs when the body’s iron stores are plentiful?

A

Hepatocytes secrete Hepcidin
Hepcidin downregulates Ferroportin (transporter)
Iron is trapped in enterocytes in Ferritin pool and lost in faeces as the cells are sloughed

37
Q

What happens to the V/Q ratio as you move down the lung?

A

Decreases as the base is relatively overperfused
Ventilation increases going down the lung due to the ability to expand more, however V doesn’t increase at the same rate as Q

38
Q

What’s hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Alveolar hypoxia causes local vasoconstriction to reduce a V/Q mismatch

39
Q

What type of bacteria is streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive cocci = peptidoglycan cell wall that will stain purple

40
Q

What law is concerned with gas dissolving in a liquid and what main factors will affect the amount of gas dissolving?

A

Henry’s law = physical amount of gas dissolving in a solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas at the solvent surface

Depends on temperature, pH and pressure of the solution

41
Q

Where do coronary arteries arise from and when do they become full?

A

From the coronary sinus above the cusps of the aortic valve

Inflow during ventricular diastole

B2 (21 decks)

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