Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Formation Of Urine > Flashcards

Formation Of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

The important function of the kidneys is to get rid of the body’s ? that are either ingested or produced by metabolism

A

waste materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

To control the volume and composition of the body fluids. A balance between the intake and output is maintained in large part by the?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organ perform most of their important function by filtering the plasma and removing the substances from the unwanted filtrate at variable rates, depending on the needs of the body.

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kidneys perform most of their important function by filtering the ? and removing the unwanted substances from the filtrate at variable rates, depending on the needs of the body.

A

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ultimately, the clear unwanted substances from the filtrate by excreting them in the 1. ? while returning wanted substances that are needed back to the 2. ?

A
  1. urine
  2. blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the formation called when kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting.

A

Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The two kidneys are located on the posterior wall of the abdomen, outside on what cavity?

A

peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is called?

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The kidney consists of two regions such as?

A

outer cortex and an inner region, called the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the dilated blind end of the nephron and consists of the invaginated capillary tuft called as the glomerulus?

A

glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) is the dilated blind end of the nephron and consists of the invaginated capillary tuft called as the?

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the mammals the blood from the renal artery is delivered to the ? which divides into numerous glomerular capillaries

A

afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the mammals the blood from the renal artery is delivered to the afferent arteriole which divides into numerous?

A

glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The glomerualr capillaries coalesce to form ? which conducts blood away from the glomerulus and is returned to the systemic circulation through the renal vein

A

efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The glomerular capillaries coalesce to form the efferent arteriole which conducts blood away from the glomerulus and is returned to the systemic circulation through what what vein?

A

renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The glomerular capsule is lined by a layer of what cells?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The area between the glomerular tuft and the Bowman’s capsule is known as the?

A

Bowman’s space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The area between the glomerular tuft and the Bowman’s capsule is known as the Bowman’s space and it is the site of collection of the glomerular filtrate which is directly funneled into the?

A

proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The nephron is continued from the glomerular capsule by proximal tubule which is composed of?

A

proximal convoluted portion and the proximal straight portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What portion of proximal tubule is within the cortex?

A

Convoluted portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What portion of proximal tubule extends about half way into the outer medulla

A

straight portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What consist of descending thin limb which is continuous from the proximal straight tubule

A

loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What limb in loop of henle terminates at the junction of the inner and outer medulla

A

ascending thin limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What limb in loop of henle returns to the glomerulus of origin in the cortex and passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

ascending thick limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What begins at this point(ascending thick limb) and consist of distal tubule, the connecting tubule, cortical collecting tubule and collecting duct (outer medullary and inner medullary)?
distal nephron
26
The distal tubule, connecting tubule and cortical collecting tubule are collectively referred to as?
distal convoluted tubule
27
Mammalian kidney has two principal types of nephrons and are classified based on?
Location of their glomeruli and based on Depth of penetration of the loops of Henle into the medulla
28
Those nephrons with glomeruli in the outer and middle cortices are called? They are associated with the loop of Henle that extend to the junction of the cortex and medulla or into the outer zone of the medulla
cortical nephrons
29
Those nephrons with glomeruli in the cortex close to the medulla are known as? They are associated with loops of Henle that extend more deep into the medulla,
juxtamedullary nephrons
30
Blood flow to the kidneys is normally what % of the cardiac output?
22%
31
What enters the kidney and branches to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amount of fluid and solutes (except plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation.
renal artery
32
The distal ends of the capillaries of each glomerular coalesce to form?
efferent arteriole
33
The distal ends of the capillaries of each glomerular coalesce to form the efferent arteriole which leads to a second capillary network called the ? surrounding the renal tubules
peritubular capillaries
34
What capillaries are separated by efferent arterioles which help to regulate the hydrostatic pressure?
Peri-tubular capillaries
35
Peri-tubular capillaries, separated by efferent arterioles which help to regulate?
hydrostatic pressure
36
It has a high pressure of 60 mm Hg
glomerulus
37
glomerulus has a high pressure of?
60 mm Hg
38
These capillaries have a low pressure of 13 mm Hg which helps in rapid fluid filtration
peritubular capillaries
39
peritubular capillaries have a low pressure of ? which helps in rapid fluid filtration
13 mm Hg
40
These capillaries empty into vessels of the venous system which run parallel to the arteriolar vessels and progressively form the interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein and renal vein
peritubular capillaries
41
The peritubular capillaries branches to form ? into the medulla and lie side by side with the loops of Henle. Like the loops of Henle, the ? return toward the cortex and empty into the cortical veins
vasa recta
42
They are associated with long looped nephrons. They play an essential role in the formation of concentrated urine
Vasa recta
43
Innervation to the kidney is provided by fibres from the ? which assists in the regulation of renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), salt and water reabsorption by the nephron.
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
44
is brought about by vasoconstriction initiated by reflexes through the vasomotor centre in the medulla and pons
RBF and GFR
45
When the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle returns to its glomerulus of origin in the cortex, it passes in the angle between afferent and efferent arterioles and continues as the?
distal tubule
46
The side of the distal tubule that faces the glomerulus comes in contact with the arterioles, the contact epithelial cells are more dense than the other epithelial cells and are collectively called as ? Which marks the beginning of distal tubule
Macula densa
47
The smooth cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that make contact with the macula densa are specialized smooth muscle cells and are called as ? It has secretory granules that contain renin, a proteolytic enzyme
Juxta glomerular cells or Granular cells
48
The space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles and the space between the glomerular capillaries is known as?
mesangial region/Extra glomerular mesangial cells or Lacis cells
49
What cells are involved in feed back mechanism that assist regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtrate rate
Juxta glomerular cells or Granular cells
50
Granular cells or Juxta glomerular cells have secretory granules that contain ?, a proteolytic enzyme
renin
51
What is the quantity of GF formed each minute in all the nephrons of both the kidneys/kg body weight?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
52
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans it is about?
125 ml/min
53
Total quantity of GFR formed /day = ?
180 L
54
What % of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules, the remainder passing into the urine?
99%
55
What is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time?
renal blood flow (RBF)
56
What is the percentage of the renal plasma flow that becomes Glomerular Filtrate?
Filtration fraction
57
The normal plasma flow through both the kidneys is?
650 ml/min
58
The normal plasma flow through both the kidneys is 650 ml/min but the normal GFR in both the kidneys is?
125 ml/min
59
The normal plasma flow through both the kidneys is 650 ml/min but the normal GFR in both the kidneys is 125 ml/min, hence the average filtration fraction is?
19%
60
Three factors that determine the filtration pressure are?
Glomerular pressure, Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) and Bowman’s capsular pressure
61
Greater the glomerular pressure, greater is the?
filtration
62
Greater the plasma COP and Bowman’s capsular pressure, lesser is the?
filtration
63
Since a very large portion of ? is filtered through the glomerular membrane, the COP in the glomerulus is high which opposes further filtration.
plasma
64
A portion of plasma fluid is not filtered until new plasma flows into the glomerulus. Greater the plasma flow, greater the?
filtration rate
65
What constriction decreases the rate of blood flow into the glomerulus and decreases GFR, causing decreased filtration rate? whereas dilatation increases glomerular pressure as well as GFR.
Afferent arteriolar constriction
66
What constriction increases the resistance and outflow from the glomeruli, increases the glomerular pressure and also GFR initially?
efferent arteriolar constriction
67
when ? stagnates in the glomerulus for a prolonged period, increase in plasma COP occurs which causes a fall in GFR. Net effect is slight increase in GFR
blood
68
Mild to moderate stimulation/innervation of ? causes afferent arteriolar constriction and decreases GFR
sympathetic nerves
69
Strong /innervation stimulation causes great reduction in the glomerular blood flow and glomerular pressure resulting in fall of GFR to zero level.
sympathetic stimulation
70
If this pressure increases from 100 to 200 mm Hg afferent arteriolar constriction occurs automatically by autoregulation.
arterial pressure
71
When arterial pressure increases from 100 to 200 mm Hg afferent arteriolar constriction occurs automatically by? , thus prevents a major rise in glomerular pressure (GP) and GFR increases to only 15-20%
autoregulation
72
What remains almost relatively constant when the systemic arterial pressure changes from 75 mm Hg to 160 mm Hg?
RBF and GFR
73
This ability of the RBF and GFR to resist severe changes in the arterial pressure is called as?
‘autoregulation of RBF and GFR’
74
Two theories have been proposed to explain autoregulation:
Myogenic Theory and JG Theory in animals
75
According to this theory, the increase in BP would expand an artery and it would respond by contracting. In this way, RBF would be decreased and glomerular HP reduced. The reduced glomerular HP reduces GFR.
Myogenic theory
76
A reduction in ? causes less tension and blood vessel would dilate to increase RBF and glomerular HP with subsequent increase in GFR
Blood pressure
77
is released when- Reduced GFR, Reduced glomerular pressure and Increased sympathetic stimulation of kidneys?
Renin
78
Reduced glomerular pressure and Increased sympathetic stimulation of kidney occur during low BP and always cause reduced?
Glomerular filtration rate
79
Reduced GFR causes reduced sodium concentration in the tubular fluid as it flows past the macula densa and this low sodium causes release of ? from JGA.
renin
80
Once renin is released from JG cells it diffuses into the blood of what arteriole? and circulates through out the body.
afferent arteriole
81
In the blood it splits a renin substrate, an alpha 2 globulin to?
angiotensin I
82
Angiotensin I is rapidly converted to ? by converting enzyme which is present in high concentration in the lungs. It is a powerful vasoconstrictor and causes vasoconstriction through out the body thereby increasing the BP.
Angiotensin II
83
What causes marked constriction of efferent arteriole which increase glomerular pressure and also GFR but decreases RBF?
Angiotensin II
84
Decreased blood flow to peritubular capillaries decreases peritubular pressure, which causes increased ?, so excretion is reduced. When efferent arterioles are constricted, GFR is normal.
tubular reabsorption
85
What constricts the efferent arterioles to a greater extent than that of afferent arteriole?
Angiotensin II
86
Reabsorption of water and salt by what system ? helps to control arterial BP.
renin-angiotensin system
87
The mechanism of ? is also associated with the JG theory of autoregulation. This feedback refers to alteration in GFR with changes in the tubular flow rate.
tubulo glomerular feedback (TGF)
88
Tubulo-glomerular feedback is mediated by the ? of the JG apparatu.
macula densa cells
89
In tubulo-glomerular feedback, macula densa cells sense changes in the ? to their region.
sodium and chloride
90
If GFR is increased because of increased glomerular HP there will be increase in macula densa flow and sodium and chloride delivery intiates a response that returns GFR and macula densa flow towards the normal by?
afferent arteriole constriction

Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions