Formal Logic Flashcards
1
Q
All Xs are Ys
A
X -> Y
2
Q
Xs are all Ys
A
X -> Y
3
Q
Every X is a Y
A
X -> Y
4
Q
Any X must also be a Y
A
X -> Y
5
Q
Each X is Y
A
X -> Y
6
Q
When X happens, so does Y
A
X -> Y
7
Q
Y happens whenever X happens
A
X -> Y
8
Q
X happens only if Y does
A
X -> Y
9
Q
Only Ys can be Xs
A
X -> Y
10
Q
X depends on Y
A
X -> Y
11
Q
X requires Y
A
X -> Y
12
Q
X needs Y
A
X -> Y
13
Q
X causes Y
A
X -> Y
14
Q
X leads to Y
A
X -> Y
15
Q
X produces effect Y
A
X -> Y
16
Q
No X without Y
A
X -> Y
17
Q
Y goes everywhere X goes
A
X -> Y
18
Q
No X unless Y
A
X -> Y
19
Q
No X until Y
A
X -> Y
20
Q
No X except with Y
A
X -> Y
21
Q
X never happens unless Y does
A
X -> Y
22
Q
X never happens until Y does
A
X -> Y
23
Q
X never happens without Y
A
X -> Y
24
Q
X guarantees Y
A
X -> Y
25
X ensures Y
X -> Y
26
X ensures Y
X -> Y
27
Being X confers Y
X -> Y
28
Completing goal X requires completing step Y
X -> Y
29
Y occurs due to X
X -> Y
30
X is always accompanied by Y
X -> Y
31
X is Y
X -> Y
32
X will bring about Y
X -> Y
33
X has to be Y
X -> Y
34
X must be Y
X -> Y
35
X will bring about Y
X -> Y
36
Y will happen if X does
X -> Y
37
All Ys are Xs
Y -> X
38
Ys are all Xs
Y -> X
39
Every Y is an X
Y -> X
40
Any Y must also be an X
Y -> X
41
Each Y is X
Y -> X
42
When Y happens, so does X
Y -> X
43
X happens whenever Y happens
Y -> X
44
Y happens only if X does
Y -> X
45
Only Xs can be Ys
Y -> X
46
Y depends on X
Y -> X
47
Y requires X
Y -> X
48
Y needs X
Y -> X
49
Y causes X
Y -> X
50
Y leads to X
Y -> X
51
Y produces effect X
Y -> X
52
No Y without X
Y -> X
53
X goes everywhere Y goes
Y -> X
54
No Y unless X
Y -> X
55
No Y until X
Y -> X
56
No Y except with X
Y -> X
57
Y never happens unless X does
Y -> X
58
Y never happens until X does
Y -> X
59
Y never happens without X
Y -> X
60
Y guarantees X
Y -> X
61
Y ensures X
Y -> X
62
Being Y confers X
Y -> X
63
Completing goal Y requires completing step X
Y -> X
64
X occurs due to Y
Y -> X
65
Y is always accompanied by X
Y -> X
66
Y is X
Y -> X
67
Ys are Xs
Y -> X
68
Y must be X
Y -> X
69
Y has to be X
Y -> X
70
Y will bring about X
Y -> X
71
X will happen if Y does
Y -> X
72
X cannot be Y
X -> no Y
73
X precludes Y
X -> no Y
74
X prohibits Y
X -> no Y
75
X is never Y
X -> no Y
76
No Xs are Ys
X -> no Y
77
None of the Xs are Ys
X -> no Y
78
Never both X and Y
X -> no Y
79
X forbids Y
X -> no Y
80
X is inconsistent with Y
X -> no Y
81
X and Y are mutually incompatible
X -> no Y
82
X cannot go to a party with Y
X -> no Y
83
X won't Y
X -> no Y
84
X prevents Y
X -> no Y
85
Y can't be where X is
X -> no Y
86
X won't share with Y
X -> no Y
87
Y cannot be X
Y --> no X
88
Y precludes X
Y --> no X
89
Y prohibits X
Y --> no X
90
Y is never X
Y --> no X
91
No Ys are Xs
Y --> no X
92
None of the Ys are Xs
Y --> no X
93
Never both Y and X
Y --> no X
94
Y forbids X
Y --> no X
95
Y is inconsistent with X
Y --> no X
96
Y and X are mutually incompatible
Y --> no X
97
Y cannot go to a party with X
Y --> no X
98
Y won't X
Y --> no X
99
Y prevents X
Y --> no X
100
X can't be where Y is
Y --> no X
101
Y won't share with X
Y --> no X
102
Either X or Y (or both)
no X --> Y
103
At least one of X and Y
no X --> Y
104
Y happens unless X does
no X --> Y
105
Without X, there must be Y
no X --> Y
106
They're all Ys except the Xs
no X --> Y
107
X keeps going until Y happens
no X --> Y
108
X happens unless Y does
no X --> Y
109
Y keeps going until X happens
no X --> Y
110
Without Y, there must be X
no X --> Y
111
They're all Xs except Ys
no X --> Y
112
If not both V and X, then F or G
no V or no X -> F or G
