formal language Flashcards by lindy zhang

what is cohesion?

-provide links within small sections of text
-ties/links x together to link the phrases/clauses/ideas
-provide reference back/forwards to x
-connects lexemes/phrases/clauses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

synonymy

lexemes with similar meanings, used to tie together phrases and clauses, connecting to reinforce an idea/add detail

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘VARIED landscapes … DIVERSE habitats … and MULTIPLE opportunities’

synonymy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

antonymy

lexemes with opposite meanings, used to tie together phrases and clauses as they contrast semantically, operating together to present meaning and link.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘the DESTRUCTION of… can only be halted by the PRESERVATION of..’

antonymy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hyponymy

hypernyms(above), hyponyms (below), highlights relationship between general (eg semantic field) and specific lexical items

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in relation to lexeme ‘blue’, what is ‘colour’ and ‘navy’

colour = hypernym
navy = hyponym

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

collocation

lexemes that predictably go together, building an expectation of what is coming next, helps link lexemes/phrases in a familiar/orderly way
-familiarity/rapport/tone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is ‘safe and sound’ an example of?

collocation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examples of collocation

feel free, heavy rain and strong wind, fast food, public transportation, surge of energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

substitution forms

noun phrase substitution and pronoun reference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

noun phrase substitution

one NP used in place of another NP, referring to the same ‘thing’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘CHAIRS AND BENCHES were everywhere. THE FURNITURE had been….’

noun phrase substitution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of pronoun reference

anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anaphoric reference is when you?

go BACK to find NP/N.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘JACK AND JILL raced up to the corner. THEY were just in time’

anaphoric reference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cataphoric reference is when you?

go FORWARD to find NP/N.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘SHE sat alone. KATE SMITH waited for the train…’

cataphoric reference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

deixis

refers to linguistic features that help the reader link the text to its time and place setting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘will the speaker be there tomorrow?’

deixis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

end focus/weight

focus = material with higher communicative value (grammatically complicated) and the end
weight = denser information at end

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is existential end focus?

(there/it = dummy subject), reserves new info for end of a sentence?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘it will be morning soon’
‘there are many endangered species in Australia’

existential end focus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is this an example of?
‘she depended for inspiration on the presence of her books’

end focus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

front focus (x3)

Fronting, Inversion, Passive Voice

fronting

highlights the beginning of a sentence, creating prominence for certain syntactic elements, other than the subject NP @ start of IC

what is this an example of? (+general purpose) 'Later that day, evil would steal their fate'

adverbial phrase fronting, to set scene

what is this an example of? (+general purpose) 'as we both know, she won't win'

sub/dependent clause fronting, to 'qualify' main clause

inversion

of subject and verb, with an often literary style and more dramatic

what is this an example of? 'This i cannot stand' 'Last of all was MacMillan'

inversion

passive voice

'reverses' common standard syntax SV(O) --> SV(A) (yet is still standard)

what is this an example of? 'thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil'

passive voice

information flow acronym + what is it about? + subsystem?

FEC --> fronting, end focus, clefting = sentence organization + syntax

neutral vs marked syntax

neutral = SVO (subject, verb, object) marked = unusual in some way, for emphasis, focus, or nuance of meaning

syntax features of formal language acronym

PAL --> parallelism, antithesis, listing

parallelism

parallel structures of repeated word classes/phrases, to identify or connect between ideas

what is this an example of? 'our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom'

parallelism

antithesis

repeated/parallel structures with opposite meaning (semantics), to emphasize contradiction through mirroring

what is this an example of? 'terrorist attacks CAN SHAKE the foundations of the biggest buildings, but they CANNOT TOUCH the foundations of America'

antithesis

listing

of lexemes/phrases, to package ideas/layering/building -> emphasis

what is this an example of? 'disbelief, sadness, and quiet, unyielding anger'

listing

clefting (x2)

it-clefts and what-clefts

it-clefts

DumS(It) + V + S + rel.pro + clause

what is this an example of? 'it was the winning goal that Ayo kicked'

it-cleft

what-clefts

DumS(What) + SNcl + V + NP[complement]

what is this an example of? 'what i really want are answers'

what-cleft

general features of formal language

-generally prepared and planned, perhaps scripted -contains Standard features (codified variety) -uses deliberately elevated/sophisticated choices -may contain archaic forms (eg legal) -use of frequent and more complex embedded phrases and clauses tends to be: more explicit, cohesive, rhetorical devices, focus on info flow

coherence

-assists in navigation -provides consistency in semantic field, text type, tense, person -directs reader at a discourse level, signposts different sections/focuses -supports understanding

coherence acronym

FLICCc Formatting and Layout Logical Order Inference Coherance Consistency conventions

inference

often, cultural lexemes/phrases require background understanding to fully comprehend and appreciate text --> implies certain semantics, inferring necessary info

examples of formatting and layout

headings, subheadings, bullet/dot points, tables and columns, bolding/italics/underline, discourse markers, asterisks and symbols, footnotes, hyperlinks, parentheses/brackets

logical order

sequencing (INCLUDE LINE NO + eg) to analyze and unpack generally, texts begin at a general level and move into greater detail

CCc

coherence: consistency of tense - grounds discourse in a certain time frame consistency of semantic field - use of lexemes to provide common understanding of domain consistency of person - maintains a consistent perspective conventions = what readers and listeners EXPECT from a text

cohesion vs coherence rship?

cohesion = small scale links, stick together coherence = bigger picture understanding can be standalone but generally work together in CONSTRUCTION of a text

CC synonymy

cohesion

CC antonymy

cohesion

CC hyponymy

cohesion

CC collocation

cohesion

CC NP substitution

cohesion

CC anaphoric/cataphoric reference

cohesion

CC headings/subheadings

coherence - briefly outline

CC bullet/dot points

coherence - clearly sets out structured info

CC tables/columns

coherence - clear presentation of info - specific purpose - clarity

CC bold/italics/underline

coherence - if more than once, consistency in presentation of certain thing

CC discourse markers

coherence