FORMAL-INFORMAL WORDS Flashcards
1
Q
commence
A
start
2
Q
end
A
terminate
3
Q
try
A
endeavour
4
Q
say sorry
A
apologize
5
Q
go up
A
increase
6
Q
go down
A
decrease
7
Q
set up
A
establish
8
Q
look at
A
examine
9
Q
blow up
A
explode
10
Q
find out
A
discover
11
Q
bring about
A
cause
12
Q
put off
A
postpone, delay
13
Q
rack up
A
accumulate
14
Q
make up
A
fabricate
15
Q
stand for
A
represent
16
Q
leave out
A
omit
17
Q
point out
A
indicate
18
Q
go against
A
oppose
19
Q
get in touch with
A
contact
20
Q
its about
A
it concerns, its in regards to
21
Q
need to
A
required
22
Q
think about
A
consider
23
Q
get
A
obtain
24
Q
put up
A
tolerate
25
deal with
handle
26
seem
appear
27
show
demonstrate, illustrate, portray
28
start
commence
29
keep
retain
30
free
release
31
get someones nerves
bother
32
ring up
call
33
show up
arrive
34
let
permit
35
fill in
substitute, inform
36
block
undermine
37
give the go ahaead, greenlight
authorize
38
anyways
nevertheless
39
plus, also
moreover, furthermore
40
but
however
41
so
therefore, thus
42
also
in addition, additionally
43
ASAP
as soon as possible, at your earliest convenience
44
ok
acceptable
45
in the meantime
in the interim
46
i think
in my opinion
47
in the end
finally
48
to sum up
in conclusion
49
in a nutshell/basically
to summarize
50
anyway
notwithstanding
51
all right
acceptable
52
lots of/a lot of
much, many
53
tons of, heaps of
large quantities of, a number of
54
totally
completely, strongly
55
really, very
definitely
56
hi robert
dear sir/madam
57
just wanted to let you know...
i am writing to inform you
58
love,
yours sincerely, yours faithfully
59
hope to hear from you soon
i look forward to hearing from you
60
you can call me if you need anything
please do not hesitate to contact me
61
intangible qualities, ideas, and concepts. These words indicate things we know only through our intellect, like “truth,” ”honor,” “kindness,” and “grace.”
abstract
62
tangible, qualities or characteristics, things we know through our senses. Words and phrases like “102 degrees,” “obese Siamese cat,” “deep spruce green” are concrete.
concrete
63
large classes and broad areas. “Sports teams,” “jobs,” and “video games” are general terms
general
64
words designate particular items or individual cases, so “ISU Bengals,” “chemistry tutor,” and “Halo” are specific terms.
specific
65
a scale or continuum
on this scale, we place a word on a higher or lower level of abstraction. The lower on the scale, the more concrete and specific the word is.
ladder of abstraction
66
is a sentence that contains three parts:
(1) the term that needs defining (species);
(2) the class to which the item belongs (genus); and
(3) the differentiation of that item from the other forms belonging to the class (differentia).
formal definition
67
the term that needs defining
species
68
the class to which the item belongs
genus
69
the differentiation of that item from the other forms belonging to the class
differentia
70
are partial or incomplete definitions. It does not define a term in its complete sense as it can be based on the writer’s experience.
informal definitions
71
give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place.
operational definition
72
words that mean the same as another word. It can only be effective when it is better known than the term being defined.
synonym
73
what are the three ways that you can use a synonym
parenthesis
dash
appositive/end of sentence
74
essentially a definition sentence which has been expanded into a paragraph by adding special meanings, description, narration and/or other kinds of paragraph development in order to clarify the term being defined.
definition apragraph
75
what are the 4 principles of technical writing
1. a writer must always have a purpose
2. a technical/scientific paper usually follows any of the following general patterns:
->problem-solution
->topic-restrictions-illustrations
3. TW uses simple, precise, and formal language
4. the subject matter may be anything that is related to science, technology, business, humanities, or any other useful and relevant issue/phenomenon
76
a type of writing where the writers/authors write about a particular subject
technical writing
77
what are the 3 categories of discourses
narrative
informative
persuasive
78
discloses the writer's experiences, feelings, or perceptions and, as such, is writer-oriented
narrative writing
79
the emphasis is on explaining the subject matter. This type of writing is used to convey knowledge, give instructions, or share ideas
informative writing
80
to influence, frequently with the underlying goal of effecting change
persuasive writing
81
what are the 4 organizational patterns for rhetorical writing
* subject development organization (narrative writing)
* comparison/contrast (informative writing)
* cause/effect (informative writing)
* enumeration/sequence aka problem/solution (persuasive writing)
82
in this type of writing, the topic sentence forms the basis for a collection of details that describe or sometimes define the topic. They relate to the topic but may not relate to each other. This type of organizational pattern can be found in both fiction and nonfiction writing and is also frequently found in text chapters
suject development
83
The purpose of this kind of writing is to show relationships between concepts or objects. The pattern may be organized in one of two ways: (1) point-by-point or (2) block.
comparison/contrast
84
in this organization of comparison/contrast, a detail or idea related to one object is compared with a corresponding detail or idea related to another object.
point-by-point organization
85
in this type of organization of comparison/contrast, all of the cogent details for the first topic are enumerated and then corresponding details for the second topic are enumerated
block comparison
86
this pattern shows relationships between an action or response and a pre-existing reason. This pattern describes what happened and why it happened.
cause/effect
87
this pattern lists major points of support in one of two ways: (1) random order-that is, all items share equal importance with each other; or (2) rank order (also called emphatic order), where the list is sequenced.
enumeration/sequence
88
what is the main purpose of cause/effect pattern
influence the reader into taking action
